The sympathetic nervous system(SNS) of reconstructed bone tissues and bone cell innervation is the basis in regulating bone metabolism in histological studies. The binding of adrenergic receptor and its corresponding ligands can activate multiple signal transduction pathways, complete the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast cells, and regulate bone metabolism. For osteoblasts, SNS can be activated by α1 receptors to promote bone formation but can also be activated by β2 receptor to inhibit bone formation. For osteoclasts, SNS can directly affect osteoclast precursor cells and promote their differentiation. SNS can also be adjusted with a pro-osteoclastic factor nuclear factor kappa B receptor to activate secretion of bone cells, and thus, indirectly promote the activity of osteoclasts. In the physiology and pathology of bone remodeling, SNS regulates osteoclast activity in the alveolar bones under mechanical stimulation. In addition to the occurrence and development of SNS and osteoporosis, blocking SNS signals to prevent osteoporosis with pathological bone loss has important clinical implications to characterize the disease.
