Multiple antigens on the surface of Porphyromonas gingivalis(P.gingivalis) can induce the body to confer protective immunity and prevent bacterial colonization and infection. Therefore, selection of a suitable and effective immunogen of P.gingivalis is important to prevent periodontitis. Multiple antigens of P.gingivalis include fimbria, gingipain, hemagglutinin, outer membrane protein, capsule, and heat shock protein. These antigens can be effective immunogens of a vaccine against periodontitis. Gland immune, mucosal immune, subcutaneous injection, and muscle injection are common methods for administering the vaccine. Mucosal immune is generally accepted as the main administration method of the periodontitis vaccine. The use of adjuvants in the periodontitis vaccine can also stimulate immune responses and enhance antigen immunogenicity. Future research on vaccines against periodontitis should combine the vaccine with various antigens of P.gingivalis. Through this method, scholars can determine the common antigens of each serotype, associate the effective immunogens of other periodontal pathogens, and select the most effective immune pathway and antigen-presenting adjuvants.
