Atrophic glossitis is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases. It is the atrophic change of tongue dorsum caused by a variety of factors. Atrophic glossitis may be accompanied by non-specific symptoms, such as xerostomia and burning sensation. The etiology of atrophic glossitis is complicated. Therefore, clinical treatment is usually not specific but is taken against the causes and symptoms. This article reviewed the most recent etiology about systematic diseases, vitamin deficiency, microbial infection, and adverse drug reactions for atrophic glossitis to provide new reference for clinical work.