Bone graft substitutes are currently used in extraction site maintenance, alveolar ridge augmentation, and maxillary sinus floor augmentation. Hydroxylapatite, calcium phosphate, and bioactive glass are representative bone substitutes because of their biocompatibility, osteoconductibility, biodegradability, bone regeneration, and boneimplant contact ratios. The osteogenesis of bone substitutes depends on their morphology, structure, composition, pore size, and porosity. Combining two or more components in various proportions can produce new bone substitutes with excellent properties. For instance, the combined application of bone substitutes and platelet concentrates can promote the proliferation and differentiation of pre-osteoblasts and active osteoblasts, as well aspromote angiogenesis. In addition, bone substitutes combined with growth factors can promote new bone formation during early bone healing, acquire different levels of osseointegration and bone reconstruction, promote cell adhesion rate, and improve scaffold mechanics. Future studies should focus on optimizing the osteogenesis of bone substitutes and widening the applications of these substitutes in dental implantology.
