Nanoscale modificatioin of titanium surface refers to every chemical or physical method which can increase the free energy of titanium surface and refine the coarse structure into nanoscale without obvious interface between the nanoscale srtuctures and titanium substrate or alteration of overall dimensions. Anodic oxidation and acid-base treatment are the most commonly used methods. Coating or deposition nanoscale modificatioin of titanium is solidifying nanoscale particles on titanium surface, forming a nanoscale layer with a chemical composition identical with substrate or not. There is a notable interface between the layer and titanium substrate. Additionally, an increase of overall dimensions can be detected. The key to realizing coating or deposition nanoscale modificatioins of titanium lies in the firmly combined nanoscale particales and the solid combination of the layer and titanium substrate. Nowadays, nanoscale surface modification of titanium has become an important research direction, which can change the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, thereby affecting the osseointegration. Additionally, protein adsorption, signaling transmission of integrin and change of cell mechanical properties have been considered as the main factors of osseointegration. This review summarized the effect and mechanism on osseointegration of titanium with nanoscale surface modification.
