In addition to containing some fat cells, connective tissue matrix, nerve tissues, blood vessels, and immune cells in adipose tissue, some multipotent stem cells have the potential of fat cells, osteoblasts, cartilage cells, muscle cells, endothelial cells, hematopoietic cells, liver cells, and neuronal cell differentiation. Adipose tissues can secrete polypeptide materials, such as adiponectin proteins, leptin, resistance proteins, and tumor necrosis factor. Leptins can mediate signal transduction between osteogenesis and adipogenic differentiation, thereby enhancing cell proliferation, osteogenetic differentiation ability, and mineralized nodule number. Leptins can also prevent cells from differentiating into adipocytes. The differentiation process of osteogenesis produces extracellular matrix proteins and osteogenesis-related factors, such as core factor-α1, osteoblast-specific transcription factor, collagen type 1, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, and osteopontin. By determining the gene expression patterns, the mature state of osteoblast differentiation of stem cells can be investigated. Exogenous factor regulation, gene engineering regulation, and physical methods have been used to improvethe osteogenetic differentiation ability of adipose stem cells. In addition, some researchers have employed the method of biomechanics. Detailed research on adipose stem cells can provide useful insights into bone defect repair.
