Human periodontal ligament-derived cells serve as an important source of seeding cells in periodontal regenerative medicine, and their osteogenic potential is closely related to alveolar bone repair and periodontal regeneration. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA), such as microRNA, long non-coding RNA, and circular RNA, play important roles in the regulation of osteogenic genes in human periodontal ligament-derived cells. In this review, we summarize the target genes, pathways, and functions of the ncRNA network during osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament-derived cells.