The bent-type aqueduct structure is prone to injury under strong earthquakes, and the structure’s overall anti-seismic performance changes. Based on the concrete plastic damage constitutive model, the equivalent spring model was applied to stimulate the SSI while a temperature drop process was applied to stimulate the effect of pre-stressed steel bars in the aqueduct. In addition, the overall anti-seismic performance of bent-type aqueduct structure was studied through analyzing the dynamic response law and damage development process of a large bent-type U-shaped aqueduct under strong earthquakes by applying time-domain analysis. The research results indicated that under strong earthquakes, the bent frame joints are the anti-seismic weak parts of aqueduct, while overall damage of groove body is less likely. For bent-type aqueduct structures which are located in areas with high seismic intensity, main attention should be paid to the anti-seismic safety of the lower part of the support structure.