(1)陈兼、余伟民:《“冷战史新研究”:缘起、学术特征及其批判》,《历史研究》2003年第3期,第16-17页。
(2)梵蒂冈是有领土的主权国家,教廷是天主教会的中央组织,两者的首脑都是教皇,两者在现实中既高度统一又有所区别。关于梵蒂冈的法律地位可参考Stephen E.Young and Alison Shea,“Separating State from Church:A Research Guide to the Law of the Vatican City State,”Law Library Journal,Vol.99,No.3,2007,pp.589-610;Mariano Barbato,“AState,a Diplomat,and a Transnational Church:The Multi-layered Actorness of the Holy See,”Perspectives:Review of International Affairs,Vol.21,No.2,2013,pp.27-48。关于更长时段内梵蒂冈外交的缘起、性质、执行与演变可参考J.K.T.Chao,“The Evolution of Vatican Diplomacy,”Journal of International Affairs,Vol.4,No.4,2000,pp.35-63;David Alvarez,“The Professionalization of the Papal Diplomatic Service,1909-1967,”The Catholic Historical Review,Vol.75,No.2,1989,pp.233-248.
(3)则鸣:《梵蒂冈教廷支持帝国主义干涉各国内政的一个铁证》,《新华月报》1950年第3卷第6期,第1384-1385页;方豪:《梵蒂冈教廷在国际上之地位》,《益世周刊》1946年第24期,第9-16页;格尔曼内托:《“圣年”与梵蒂冈的政策》,《争取持久和平,争取人民民主》1950年第53期,第30-31页;李世文:《梵蒂冈〈人世和平〉通谕与美帝“和平战略”》,《中国天主教》1964年第1期,第9-13页;《梵蒂冈教廷:美帝国主义的侵略工具》,《新华月报》1951年第4卷第1期,第171-172页;Melish:《梵蒂冈之反苏倾向》,危之译,《新中华》1946年第22期,第20-22页;瓦·巴·科切托夫:《梵蒂冈及其政策》,《东北师大学报》(哲学社会科学版)1957年第3期,第7-22页;禾雨:《反共堡垒---梵蒂冈》,《旅行杂志》1952年第12期,第50-51页。
(4)孔庆芳:《梵蒂冈城国和教廷外交》,《世界宗教资料》1986年第4期,第55页;弗耶科斯拉夫·茨维尔列:《南斯拉夫与梵蒂冈---为梵蒂冈与南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国签署纪要二十周年而作》,史常译,《俄罗斯研究》1986年第5期,第64页;H·斯德勒:《梵蒂冈的东方政策》,《宗教研究译文集》,上海社会科学院宗教研究所编印,1986年,第227-247页。
(1)孔陈焱:《罗马天主教会在当代国际外交中的身份辨析》,《浙江学刊》2012年第6期,第19-153页;孔陈焱:《梵二会议后的罗马教廷与国际关系》,《世界宗教研究》2012年第6期,第20-27页;周永:《“圣座”与“梵蒂冈城国”关系辨析:兼论天主教会在当代国际社会中的特殊作用》,《基督教学术》2015年第2期,第124-147页;陶飞亚、李强:《前梵二时代罗马教廷的外交传统》,《济南大学学报》(社会科学版)2017年第5期,第90-103页。
(2)彭小瑜:《冷战的宗教起源与宗教批评---由教宗庇护十二世到修士莫顿的天主教思想传统》,《南京政治学院学报》2017年第1期,第98-109页。
(3)彭小瑜:《政治愚钝与道德感染力---教宗约翰二十三世的国际关系运作及其借鉴意义》,徐以骅、邹磊主编:《宗教与中国对外战略》,上海:上海人民出版社,2014年,第190-203页。
(4)J.Bryan Hehir,“Papal Foreign Policy,”Foreign Policy,No.78,spring 1990,pp.26-48;Nicholas J.Hercules,Holy See Diplomacy:A Study of Non-alignment in the Post-World War Two Era,Thesis,University of Bristol,1999.
(5)Peter C.Kent,The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII:The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe,1943-1950,Montreal:McG ill-Queens University Press,2002;Michael Phayer,Pius XII,the Holocaust,and the Cold War,Indianapolis:Indiana University Press,2008;Karim Schelkens,“Vatican Diplomacy after the Cuban Missile Crisis:New Light on the Release of Josyf Slipyj,”Catholic Historical Review,Vol.97,No.4,2011,pp.679-712.
(6)John Connelly,“The First Cold Warrior?”Commonweal,Vol.135,No.16,2008,pp.20-23;Phayer,Pius XII,the Holocaust,and the Cold War,p.134.
(7)George La Piana,“The Political Heritage of Pius XII,”Foreign Affairs,Vol.18,No.1,p.486;Giulianal Chamedes,The Vatican and the Making of the Atlantic Order,1920-1960,PhD.Dissertation,Columbia University,2013,p.252.
(8)庇护九世在1846、1849年,利奥十三世在1891年,庇护十一世在1931年都发表通谕谴责共产主义。参考任延黎:《罗马天主教与马克思主义在西方的对话(一)》,《马克思主义研究》1995年第6期,第86页。
(9)Parick McN amara,A Catholic Cold War:Edmund A.Walsh,S.J.,and the Politics of American Anticommunism,New York:Fordham University Press,2005,p.46.
(10)Henry Hull,The Holy See and Soviet Russia,1918-1930:A Study in Full Circle Diplomacy,PhD.Dissertation,Georgetown University,1970,pp.245-246.
(1)Giulianal Chamedes,“The Vatican,Nazi-Fascism,and the Making of Transnational Anti-Communism in the 1930s,”Journal of Contemporary History,Vol.51,No.2,2016,p.266.
(2)Connely,“The First Cold Warrior?”p.20.
(3)Connely,“The First Cold Warrior?”,p.23.
(4)陈聪铭:《中梵外交史:两岸与教廷关系(1912-1978)》,台北:光启文化,2016年,第216-217页。
(5)Kent,The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII,Chapter 14.关于欧洲对于冷战时期梵蒂冈外交的重要性和历任教皇对欧洲一体化的态度,可以参考Anthony OMahony,“The Vatican and Europe:Political Theology and Ecclesiology in Papal Statements from Pius XII to Benedict XVI,”International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church,Vol.9,No.3,2009,p.185;Blandine Chelini-Pont,“Papal Thought on Europe and the European Union in the Twentieth Century,”Religion,State&Society,Vol.37,No.1-2,2009,pp.135-136.
(6)Connely,“The First Cold Warrior?”p.23.
(7)D.Kirby,“Harry S.Trumans International Religious Anti-Communist Front:The Archbishop of Canterbury and the1948 Inaugural Assembly of the World Council of Churches,”Contemporary British History,No.4,Vol.15,2001,pp.35-70.
(8)David B.Woolner and Richard G.Kurial,eds.,FDR,the Vatican,and the Roman Catholic Church in America,1933-1945,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2003.
(1)David Alvarez,“Vatican Secret Diplomacy:Joseph P.Hurley and Pope Pius XII(by Charles R.Gallagher,New Haven:Yale University Press,2008),Review,”The Catholic Historical Review,Vol.95,No.2,April 2009,p.420.
(2)John Cooney,The American Pope:The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman,New York:Times Books,1984,pp.157-168.
(3)Kent,The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII,pp.5-6.
(4)Hansjakob Stehle,Eastern Politics of the Vatican,1917-1979,trans.by Sandra Smith,Athens:Ohio University Press,1981,p.288.
(5)Frank J.Coppa,The Life&Pontificate of Pope Pius XII:Between History&Controversy,Washington:The Catholic University of America Press,2013,pp.218-219.
(6)John Pollard,The Papacy in the Age of Totalitarianism,1914-1958,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2014,pp.413-414.
(7)Barbara Beckwith,“Pope John XXIII,”Priest,Vol.70,issue 4,Apr.2014,p.14.
(1)Schelkens,“Vatican Diplomacy after the Cuban Missile Crisis:New Light on the Release of Josyf Slipyj,”pp.687-688.
(2)“Pope John XXIIIs Opening Address of Vatican Council II,”http:∥www.marian.org/news/Pope-John-XXIIIsOpening-Address-of-Vatican-Council-II-5666,July 8,2017.
(3)Marilyn J.Matelski,Vatican Radio:Propagation by the Airwaves,Westport,C.T.:Praeger Publishers,1995,p.100.
(4)John OSullivan,The President,the Pope,the Prime Minister:Three Who Changed the World,Washington:Regnery Publishing,2006,pp.12-13.
(5)J.Bryan Hehir,“Papal Foreign Policy,”Foreign Policy,No.78,Spring 1990,p.32.
(6)Stehle,Eastern Politics of the Vatican,p.305.
(7)Schelkens,“Vatican Diplomacy after the Cuban Missile Crisis:New Light on the Release of Josyf Slipyj,”pp.679-712
(1)Massimo Franco,Parallel Empires:The Vatican and the United States-Two Centuries of Alliance and Conflict,New York:Doubleda,2009,p.83.
(2)“Ecclesiam Suam,”http:∥w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_06081964_ecclesiam.html,August 20,2017.
(3)Edward Pentin,“Why Did Vatican II Ignore Communism?”The Catholic World Report,December 10,2012,http:∥www.catholicworldreport.com/2012/12/10/why-did-vatican-ii-ignore-communism/,June 29,2017.
(4)Dennis J.Dunn,Detente and Papal-Communist Relations:1962-1978,Boulder:Westview Press,1979,p.34.
(5)OSullivan,The President,the Pope,the Prime Minister,p.15.
(1)Jonathan Luxmoore and Jolanta Babiuch,The Vatican and the Red Flag:The Struggle for the Soul of Eastern Europe,London:Geoffrey Chapman,1999,p.166.
(2)Pentin,“Why Did Vatican II Ignore Communism?”
(3)Luxmoore and Babiuch,The Vatican and the Red Flag,pp.172,189.
(4)Kenneth Wang,“Vatican Diplomacy,”The Catholic Lawyer,Vol.6,No.2,Spring 1960,p.176.
(5)Luxmoore and Babiuch,The Vatican and the Red Flag,p.169.
(6)Luxmoore and Babiuch,The Vatican and the Red Flag,p.155.
(1)“Pope Paul VI Had Doubts about‘Ostpolitik’,”The Catholic World News,November 24,1997,http:∥www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=6363&repos=4&subrepos=1&searchid=1734577,June 30,2017.
(2)Robert F.Illing,America and the Vatican:Trading Information after World War II,New York:Midpoint Trade Books Inc.,2011,p.167.
(3)John M.Kramer,“The Vaticans Ostpolitik,”The Review of Politics,Vol.42,1980,p.287.
(4)Norman St.John-Stevas,“The Next Pope,”The Spectator,Sep.23,1955,p.385.
(5)Matelski,Vatican Radio,p.129.
(6)Matelski,Vatican Radio,p.133.
(7)Pollard,The Papacy in the Age of Totalitarianism,1914-1958,pp.368-369.
(1)Wolfgang Saxon,“Wyszynski Fortified Church under Communist Rule,”New York Times,29 May,1981;格德列夫斯基:《波兰人民共和国的宗教政策》,《宗教研究译文集》,第177页。
(2)Tad Szulc,“The New Pope:A Keen Mind Highly Turned to Politics,”The Globe and Mail,October 20,1978,https:∥search.proquest.com/docview/387031410?accountid=12660,May 30,2017.
(3)Luxmoore and Babiuch,The Vatican and the Red Flag,pp.148,199.
(4)James Ramon Felak,“Pope John II,the Saints,and Communist Poland:The Papal Pilgrimages of 1979 and 1983,”The Catholic Historical Review,Vol.100,No.3,2014,pp.555-574;Kenneth S.Zagacki,“Pope John Paul and the Crusade against Communism:Study in Secular and Sacred Time,”Rhetoric&Public Affairs,Vol.4,No.4,2001,pp.689-710.
(5)Gina Liana Tamas,“The Role of the Spiritual Message of Pope John Paul II in the 1980 Social Movement of Solidarnosc,”Studia Univertitatis Babes-Bolyai-Studia Europaea,No.4,2011,p.126.
(6)瓦文萨:《瓦文萨自传》,彭志毅译,上海:东方出版社,1990年,第179页。
(7)John Omicinski Gannett,N.S,.“Pope Gets Credit for Destroying Communism,”The Salt Lake Tribune,15 Nov.1992.
(8)Ronald Reagan,“Remarks Following a Meeting with Pope John Paul II in Vatican City,”http:∥www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=42610,April.28,2012.
(1)Carl Bernstein,“The Holy Alliance,”Time,February 24,1992,pp.28-35;Carl Bernstein and Marco Politi,His Holiness:John Paul II and the History of Our Time,New York:Peguin,1996.
(2)Tighe P.Flatley,“The Convenient Alliance:President Reagan and Pope John Paul II,Cold Warriors,”Senior Honors Projects,2007,p.48,http:∥digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/48.关于美国与梵蒂冈在里根时期具体的合作与分歧,可以参考Marie Gayte,“The Vatican and the Reagan Administration:A Cold War Alliance?”The Catholic Historical Review,Vol.97,No.4,2011,pp.713-737.
(3)“Pope Never Supported Anti-Communist Alliance,Walesa Says,”Catholic World News,August 14,1998,http:∥www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=8273&repos=4&subrepos=1&searchid=1734572,June 30,2017.
(4)“Memorandum for the President from Alexander M.Haig about His Audience with Pope Paul II,Department of State,22 May 1982,”http:∥tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/3xH Us9;“Memorandum for Robert C.McF arlane,National Security Council,8 Jan.1985,”http:∥tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/3xH Dk6;“Presidential Letter to the Pope On Poland,Department Of State,30 Dec.1981,”http:∥tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/3xH sU X;“Reagans Letter to Pope John Paul II,White House,22 Feb.1984,”http:∥tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/3xG xo1.
(5)F.Mabille,“The Fringes in the Vaticans International Policy,”Revue dEtudes Comparatives Est-Quest,Vol.35,No.4,2004,pp.127-147.
(6)J.Bryan Hehir,“Papal Foreign Policy,”Foreign Policy,No.78,Spring 1990,p.48.
(7)陈聪铭:《中梵外交史:两岸与教廷关系(1912-1978)》,第208页。
(1)Stehle,Eastern Politics of the Vatican,p.1.
