阿诺德·J·汤因比论二战的影响与启示
Arnold J. Toynbee on the Impact and Implications of the Second World War
作者：王薇;王黎;
Author：
收稿日期： 年卷（期）页码：2016,204(03):-32-40
期刊名称：四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)
Journal Name：Journal of Sichuan University (Social Science Edition）
关键字：汤因比;二战;和平;自由主义
Key words：
基金项目：天津市哲学社会科学研究规划一般项目“二战期间英国对战后国际秩序的构想研究”(TJSL15-002)
中文摘要
英国著名历史学家阿诺德·J·汤因比在二战期间先后作为英国国外研究与新闻服务社和英国外交部研究司主任,领导一批知名国际问题专家,梳理重大国际问题,为英国政府制定战时外交政策、提出符合英国国家利益的战后世界秩序构想,发挥了不容忽视的作用。汤因比宽广的世界历史视野及其在二战期间的独特经历使他对二战的影响与启示有独到的见解。汤因比强调二战的最大影响是使世界格局发生了巨大变化,具体表现为西欧衰落,而西欧以外的地区正在崛起。残酷的二战也孕育了持久和平的种子。他认为战后人类应汲取二战的教训,重视大国合作以确保集体安全体系有效运作;发展经济与社会事业以消除战争的社会根源;发挥高级宗教的作用以消除人类冲突的精神根源。
参考文献
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②“Professor Toynbee R.I.I.A.to Mr.Passant on 22 November 1946 regarding Chatham House Survey and International Affairs(History of the War and Peace-Making Periods,1939-1951),”FO 370/1344,The National Archives of the UK.
③See William H.McN eill,Arnold J.Toynbee:A Life,New York:Oxford University Press,1989,pp.179-204;Fergus Millar,“Arnold Joseph Toynbee,”Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,http:∥www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=31769&back=,6 October 2014.
①Kenneth W.Thompson,Toynbee's Philosophy of World History and Politics,Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1985.
②See Ian Hall,“‘Time of Troubles’:Arnold J.Toynbee's Twentieth Century,”International Affairs,Vol.90,No.1,2014,pp.23-36;David Stevenson,“Learning from the Past:The Relevance of International History,”International Affairs,Vol.90,No.1,2014,pp.5-22.
③参见朱大伟:《文明的忧思:阿诺德·J·汤因比的战争观探究》,《赣南师范学院学报》2013年第1期。
④McN eill,Arnold J.Toynbee,pp.75,80-82.
⑤“Memorandum by Mr.Ronald attached to a Letter from Anthony Eden to Viscount Halifax on 17 September 1942,”U803/27/FO,No.734,in M.L.Dockrill,ed.,British Documents on Foreign Affairs:Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office,Part III,Series L,Vol.2,Bethesda,M.D.:University Publications of America,1998,p.163.
⑥“British-American World Order-Memorandum Prepared by a Sub-committee of the F.R.P.S.[Foreign Research and Press Service],”8 July 1941,CAB 117/98,p.1,The National Archives of the UK.
①“Letter from Arnold J.Toynbee to Columba Cary-Elwes on 24 September 1942,”in Christian B.Peper,ed.,A Historian's Conscience:The Correspondence of Arnold J.Toynbee and Columba Cary-Elwes,Monk of Ampleforth,Boston:Beacon Press,1986,p.121 and note 1.
②Nigel J.Young,ed.,The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2010,p.448.
③“Letter from Arnold Toynbee to Columba on 25 February 1943,”in Peper,ed.,A Historian's Conscience,pp.132-133and note 1.
④British Council,“World Lecture Tour by Professor A.J.Toynbee—1956-1957,Correspondence,”BW 1/212,The National Archives of the UK.
⑤Arnold Toynbee,“The Study of History in the Light of Current Developments,”International Affairs,Vol.24,No.4,October 1948,p.563.
⑥Arnold Toynbee,“Toynbee Meditation,”PMLA,Vol.85,No.1,January 1970,p.124.
⑦阿诺德·J·汤因比主编:《国际事务概览——第二次世界大战全史,1939—1946》,第8卷,第2页。
①Antony Best,Jussi M.Hanhimaki,Joseph A.Maiolo and Kirsten E.Schulze,International History of the Twentieth Century,London:Routledge,2004,pp.102-103.
②Arnold J.Toynbee,Toynbee on Toynbee:A Conversation between Arnold J.Toynbee and G.R.Urban,New York:Oxford University Press,p.34.
③该系列演讲共分六讲,参见Arnold Toynbee,The World and the West,New York:Oxford University Press,1953.
④“Correspondence from Ralph W.Selby of the British Embassy in Tokyo to Colin T.Crowe of Far Eastern Department of the Foreign Office,”14 December 1956,British Council,“World Lecture Tour by Professor A.J.Toynbee—1956-1957,Correspondence”.
⑤吴于廑:《吴于廑学术论著自选集》,北京:首都师范大学出版社,1995年,第13页。
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⑦“British-American World Order-Memorandum Prepared by a Sub-committee of the F.R.P.S.[Foreign Research and Press Service],”pp.1-3.
⑧Arnold J.Toynbee,“Introduction,”in F.C.Jones,Hugh Borton and B.R.Pearn,The Far East,1942-1946,London:Oxford University Press,1955,pp.1-3.
⑨Toynbee,Toynbee on Toynbee,p.35.
①Hall,“‘Time of Troubles’:Arnold J.Toynbee's Twentieth Century,”pp.23-36.
②Arnold J.Toynbee,“A Turning-Point in the Cold War,”International Affairs,Vol.26,No.4,October 1950,p.457.
③“Democracy,Communism Will Coexist,”Japan Times,2 October 1956,“Denial of U.N.Seat to China-Toynbee Regrets U.S.Attitude,”The Hindu,12 January 1957,press cuttings in British Council,“World Lecture Tour by Professor A.J.Toynbee—1956-1957,Correspondence”.
④Hall,“‘Time of Troubles’:Arnold J.Toynbee's Twentieth Century,”p.27.
⑤关于卡尔、诺尔-贝克(Philip Noel-Baker)、曼宁(C.A.W.Manning)、齐默恩(A.E.Zimmern)、莫沃特(R.B.Mowat)等与汤因比同时代的英国国际关系学者的思想评述,参见王黎、王梓元:《跨国视角下的世界秩序与国际社会》,天津:天津人民出版社,2012年,第3-66页。
⑥“British-American World Order-Memorandum Prepared by a Sub-committee of the F.R.P.S.[Foreign Research and Press Service],”p.1.
⑦Toynbee,“Introduction,”in Jones,Borton and Pearn,The Far East,p.3.
⑧《展望二十一世纪:汤因比与池田大作对话录》,荀春生等译,北京:国际文化出版公司,1985年,第241-242页。
①Arnold Toynbee and Veronica M.Toynbee,eds.,The Realignment of Europe,London:Oxford University Press,1955,pp.51-53.
②“Denial of U.N.Seat to China-Toynbee Regrets U.S.Attitude”,press cutting in British Council,“World Lecture Tour by Professor A.J.Toynbee—1956-1957,Correspondence”.
③Chris Wrigley,A.J.P.Taylor:Radical Historian of Europe,London:I.B.Tauris&Co.Ltd,2006,p.211.
④Millar,“Arnold Joseph Toynbee”.
⑤国际关系学界在论及两次世界大战期间的国际关系理论时,“理想主义”与“自由主义”的含义相同。
⑥秦亚青:《前言:理性与国际合作——自由主义国际关系理论的发展历程和学术理念》,秦亚青主编:《理性与国际合作:自由主义国际关系理论研究》,北京:世界知识出版社,2008年,第5、7-13页。
⑦“Denial of U.N.Seat to China-Toynbee Regrets U.S.Attitude,”press cutting in British Council,“World Lecture Tour by Professor A.J.Toynbee—1956-1957,Correspondence”.
⑧阿诺德·J·汤因比主编:《国际事务概览——第二次世界大战全史,1939—1946》,第1卷,第57页。
①秦亚青:《自由主义国际关系理论的思想渊源》,秦亚青主编:《理性与国际合作:自由主义国际关系理论研究》,第26页。
②“British-American World Order-Memorandum Prepared by a Sub-committee of the F.R.P.S.[Foreign Research and Press Service],”p.17.
③“Denial of U.N.Seat to China-Toynbee Regrets U.S.Attitude,”press cutting in British Council,“World Lecture Tour by Professor A.J.Toynbee—1956-1957,Correspondence”.
④《展望二十一世纪:汤因比与池田大作对话录》,第196页。
⑤“British-American World Order-Memorandum Prepared by a Sub-committee of the F.R.P.S.[Foreign Research and Press Service],”p.23.
⑥“British-American World Order-Memorandum Prepared by a Sub-committee of the F.R.P.S.[Foreign Research and Press Service],”p.17.
⑦McN eill,Arnold J.Toynbee,p.81.
⑧Arnold J.Toynbee,A Study of History,Vol.10,London:Oxford University Press,1954,pp.234-235.
⑨《联合国宪章》中文版,http:∥www.un.org/chinese/aboutun/charter/chapter1.htm,2015年7月6日。
①《展望二十一世纪:汤因比与池田大作对话录》,第239页。
②Arnold J.Toynbee,“Foreword,”in William Hardy McN eill,America,Britain,and Russia:Their Co-operation and Conflict,1941-1946,London:Oxford University Press,1953,pp.vi-vii.
③《汤因比论汤因比——汤因比-厄本对话录》,胡益民、单坤琴译,北京:商务印书馆,2012年,第147页。
④Arnold Toynbee,Surviving the Future,London:Oxford University Press,1971,p.66.
⑤“Arnold Toynbee in Japan,”The Mainichi,25 November 1956,press cutting in British Council,“World Lecture Tour by Professor A.J.Toynbee—1956-1957,Correspondence”.
⑥Toynbee,Surviving the Future,pp.47-49,66.
⑦Thompson,Toynbee's Philosophy of World History and Politics,p.6.
①See“Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations,”21 August 2000,A/55/305-S/2000/809,United Nations;“Peacebuilding in the Aftermath of Conflict,”23 September 2014,A/69/399-S/2014/694,United Nations.
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