墨西哥革命中的反教权主义运动及其评价
The Anticlerical Movement in Mexican Revolution and its Evaluation
作者：韩琦;李超;
Author：
收稿日期： 年卷（期）页码：2016,204(03):-23-31
期刊名称：四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)
Journal Name：Journal of Sichuan University (Social Science Edition）
关键字：反教权主义运动;墨西哥革命;文化革新;墨西哥天主教会
Key words：
基金项目：国家社科基金项目“墨西哥20世纪前半期的文化革新运动和现代化研究”(13BSS026)
中文摘要
20世纪前半期,伴随着墨西哥革命的到来,反教权主义运动再次爆发并不断扩展和激化。这一时期,墨西哥国家与教会之间的斗争出现了三次阶段性高潮。这场反教权主义运动在墨西哥的国家重建进程中发挥了重要作用,它推动了墨西哥现代民族国家的形成,促进了墨西哥的社会变革和文化革新运动,并加速了墨西哥"新人"的塑造。但是,这场反教权主义运动在取得巨大成就的同时,也存在不少过激行为,由于天主教势力根深蒂固,反教权主义最终没有被贯彻到底。
参考文献
①对于墨西哥革命时期政教冲突中的具体问题,早期的官方史学派采取了政教二元对立的框架,其解释带有浓厚的意识形态色彩,如Alfonso Toro,La Iglesia y el Estado en México:estudio sobre los conflictos entre el clero católica y los gobiernos mexicanos desde la independencia hasta nuestros días,México,D.F.:Talleres Gráficos de la Nación,1927;Emilo Portes Gil,La lucha entre el poder civil y el clero:estudio histórico y jurídico,México D.F.:Talleres Gráficos de la Nación,1934.1960年代以来,修正派史学家试图突破墨西哥官方史学固有的意识形态偏见,将研究范围扩展到各个层面,并对墨西哥政教冲突兴起的历史背景和评价进行了再探讨,代表著作有Alicia Olivera Sedano,Aspectos del conflicto religioso de 1926 a 1929:sus antecedentes y consecuencias,Mexico:Instituto Nacional de Antropologiáe Historia,1966;Robert E.Quirk,The Mexican Revolution and the Catholic Church,1910-1929,London:Indiana University Press,1973;Jean A.Meyer,The Cristero Rebellion:The Mexican People between Church and State,1926-1929,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1976;David C.Bailey,!Viva Cristo Rey!The Cristero Rebellion and the Church-State Conflict in Mexico,Austin:University of Texas Press,1974;Peter L.Reich,Mexico's Hidden Revolution:The Catholic Church in Law and Politics since1929,Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1995.
②部分学者强调这场反教权主义运动的异质性,在承认其积极作用的同时,强调甚至是夸大这场运动的局限性,参见Ben Fallaw,“Varieties of Mexican Revolutionary Anticlericalism:Radicalism,Iconoclasm,and Otherwise,1914-1935,”The Americas,Vol.65,No.4,Apr.2009,pp.481-509;Mary K.Vaughan and Stephen Lewis,eds.,The Eagle and the Virgin:Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico,1920-1940,Durham and London:Duke University Press,2006;Matthew Butler,ed.,Faith and Impiety in Revolutionary Mexico,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2007;Ben Fallaw,ed.,Religion and State Formation in Postrevolutionary Mexico,Durham and London:Duke University Press,2013.
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②关于墨西哥革命结束的时间,学术界有不同看法,有人认为1917年宪法的颁布意味着革命的结束;也有人认为1920年奥夫雷贡总统开始执政意味着革命已经结束;还有人认为1940年卡德纳斯总统任期结束表明革命已经完成。本文认同第三种观点。
③Philip L.Russell,The History of Mexico:From Pre-Conquest to Present,New York and London:Routledge,2010,p.373.
④宪法的具体条款参见当时的官方报纸,http:∥www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesB iblio/ref/cpeum/CPEUM_orig_05feb1917_ima.pdf.
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②E.V.Niemeyer,Jr,.“Anticlericalism in the Mexican Constitutional Convention of 1916-1917,”The Americas,Vol.11,No.1,Jul.1954,pp.32-43.
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⑥Michael C.Meyer and William L.Sherman,The Course of Mexican History,New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1983,p.547.
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⑦Marta Eugenia García Ugarte,“Los católicos y el presidente Calles,”Revista Mexicana de Sociología,Vol.57,No.3,Jul.-Sep.1995,p.140.
⑧Meyer,The Cristero Rebellion,p.37.
⑨约翰·林奇:《1870—1930年拉丁美洲的天主教会》,莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第四卷),中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所组译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1992年,第621页。
①P.Elias Calles and A.Tejeda,“The Mexican Church Law,”Advocate of Peace through Justice,Vol.88,No.9/10,Sep.-Oct.1926,pp.568-572.
②Bailey,!Viva Cristo Rey!The Cristero Rebellion and the Church-State Conflict in Mexico,p.79.
③约翰·林奇:《1870—1930年拉丁美洲的天主教会》,第621页。
④Meyer,The Cristero Rebellion,p.49.
⑤Russell,The History of Mexico,p.376.
⑥“Agreement between Mexico and the Catholic Church,”Advocate of Peace through Justice,Vol.91,No.5,Aug.1929,pp.279-280.
⑦1917年宪法规定,限制教士数量是州政府的特权。1926年“卡列斯法”规定,联邦政府对法律实施负首要责任,州和市政府是联邦政府的辅助(机构),因此负有同样责任。这些法规引起了联邦政府和地方政府在宗教管辖权上的纷争。
⑧Reich,Mexico's Hidden Revolution,p.36.
⑨John B Williman,“Adalberto Tejeda and the Third Phase of the Anticlerical Conflict in Twentieth Century Mexico,”Journal of Church and State,Vol.15,No.3,Autumn 1973,pp.442-443.
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②Adrian A.Bantjes,“Idolatry and Iconoclasm in Revolutionary Mexico:The De-Christianization Campaigns,1929-1940,”Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos,Vol.13,No.1,Winter 1997,pp.100-102.
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⑤David E.Lorey,“The Revolutionary Festival in Mexico:November 20 Celebrations in the 1920s and 1930s,”The Americas,Vol.54,No.1,Jul.1997,pp.39-82.
⑥Alan Knight,“Popular Culture and the Revolutionary State in Mexico,1910-1940,”The Hispanic American Historical Review,Vol.74,No.3,Aug.1994,p.408.
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①Mary K.Vaughan,Cultural Politics in Revolution:Teachers,Peasants,and Schools in Mexico,1930-1940,Tucson:University of Arizona Press,1997,pp.34-35.
②Stanley E.Hilton,“The Church-State Dispute over Education in Mexico from Carranza to Cárdenas,”The Americas,Vol.21,No.2,Oct.1964,pp.178-179.
③Jean A.Meyer,“An Idea of Mexico:Catholics in the Revolution,”Vaughan and Lewis,eds.,The Eagle and the Virgin,pp.290-291.
④Lyle C.Brown,“Mexican Church-State Relations,1933-1940,”Journal of Church and State,Vol.6,No.2,Spring1964,pp.213-214.
⑤Albert L.Michaels,“The Modification of the Anti-Clerical Nationalism of the Mexican Revolution by General Lázaro Cárdenas and Its Relationship to the Church-State Detente in Mexico,”The Americas,Vol.26,No.1,Jul.1969,p.43.
⑥Brown,“Mexican Church-State Relations,1933-1940,”pp.218-221.
⑦Knight,“Popular Culture and the Revolutionary State in Mexico,1910-1940,”pp.393-444;Alan Knight,“The Ideology of the Mexican Revolution,1910-40,”Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe,Vol.8,No.1,Enero-Junio,1997,pp.77-109.
①Meyer,The Cristero Rebellion,pp.207-217.
②关于这一问题的详细论述参见Jennie Purnell,Popular Movements and State Formation in Revolutionary Mexico:The Agraristas and Cristeros of Michoacán,Durham and London:Duke University Press,1999;Matthew Butler,Popular Piety and Political Identity in Mexico's Cristero Rebellion:Michoacán,1927-29,New York:Oxford University Press,2004.
③Vaughan,Cultural Politics in Revolution;Patience A.Schell,Church and State Education in Revolutionary Mexico City,Tucson:University of Arizona Press,2003,pp.1-20,175-195.
④Reich,Mexico's Hidden Revolution,pp.62-63.
⑤Michaels,“The Modification of the Anti-Clerical Nationalism of the Mexican Revolution by General Lázaro Cárdenas and Its Relationship to the Church-State Detente in Mexico,”pp.50-51.
①迈克尔·C·迈耶、威廉·H·毕兹利主编:《墨西哥史》(下册),复旦人译,上海:东方出版中心,2012年,第570页。
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