美国对华贸易政策转向分析
An Analysis of the Change of U. S. Trade Policy toward China
作者：罗振兴;
Author：
收稿日期： 年卷（期）页码：2018,217(04):-127-136
期刊名称：四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)
Journal Name：Journal of Sichuan University (Social Science Edition）
关键字：特朗普政府;对华贸易政策;转向逻辑;背景和原因;制约因素;中美贸易摩擦
Key words：
基金项目：
中文摘要
在中国强势崛起和存量博弈等大背景下,美国对华贸易政策的若干前提已经发生变化。美国对华贸易政策对中国的定位转向"战略竞争对手",战略转向直接进攻,战术转向更多采用双边和单边方式而不是在多边框架下处理中美贸易争端,以交易而不是以规则为中心。这种转向,最终将导致特朗普政府的对华贸易政策偏离过去鼓励中国市场化改革、将中国融入国际贸易体系的方向。特朗普政府力图实现中美经贸关系从所谓的"不公平、不对等"的性质向所谓的"公平、对等"性质转化,其实质是要维持不对称的相互依赖关系,保持美国对中国的经济优势。
参考文献
(1)USTR,“2017 Trade Policy Agenda and 2016 Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program,”March 2017,https:∥ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/reports-and-publications/2017/2017-trade-policy-agenda-and-2016#.
(2)USTR,“2018 Trade Policy Agenda and 2017 Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program,”March 2018,https:∥ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/Reports/2018/AR/2018%20Annual%20Report%20FINAL.PDF.
(3)Donald Trump,Crippled America:How to Make America Great Again,New York City:Simon&Schuster,2015,pp.1-10,33-45,120-133.
(1)美国商务部长罗斯在2018年5月的一次演讲中指出,美国政府贸易政策的三个目标如下:首要目标是使贸易伙伴在自由贸易方面保持言行合一;第二个目标是使贸易伙伴遵守规则;第三个目标是纠正往届政府的错误。参见Wilbur Ross,“Remarks by Secretary Wilbur Ross at the National Press Club Headliners Luncheon,”2018-03-14,https:∥www.commerce.gov/news/secretary-speeches/2018/05/remarks-secretary-wilbur-l-ross-national-press-clubheadliners.
(2)Donald J.Trump,“Reforming the U.S.-China Trade Relationship to Make America Great Again,”https:∥assets.donaldjtrump.com/US-China-Trade-Reform.pdf.
(3)The White House,“National Security Strategy of the United States of America,”2017-12-18,https:∥www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905-2.pdf.
(4)“Meeting with Editorial Board of The New York Times,”2016-01-07,http:∥www.nytimes.com/politics/firstdraft/2016/01/07/donald-trump-says-he-favors-big-tariffs-on-chinese-exports/.
(1)M.J.Lee,“Trump:North Korea is Chinas problem to fix,”2016-01-06,https:∥edition.cnn.com/2016/01/06/politics/donald-trump-north-korea-china-ted-cruz-immigration/.
(2)Trump,“Reforming the U.S.-China Trade Relationship to Make America Great Again.”
(3)Trump,“Reforming the U.S.-China Trade Relationship to Make America Great Again.”
(4)The White House,“National Security Strategy of the United States of America.”
(1)张丽娟:《美国贸易政策的逻辑》,《美国研究》2016年第2期。传统的美国贸易政策在于通过扩大出口和增加美国最有竞争力领域的就业以便促进国内繁荣、提高劳工实际报酬。通过降低进口壁垒,美国贸易政策致力于增加进口以便扩大国内购买力和选择,激励美国企业变得更有生产效率和更具创新性。同时,美国贸易政策寻求服务于更广泛的美国利益:促进全球增长、减少贫困和国外繁荣;支持可持续经济发展;增强贸易伙伴的自由和稳定。参见USTR,“U.S.-China Trade Relations:Entering a New Phase of Greater Accountability and Enforcement,”February 2006,https:∥ustr.gov/sites/default/files/Top-to-Bottom%20Review%20FINAL.pdf.
(2)Wilbur Ross,“Remarks by Secretary Wilbur Ross at the National Press Club Headliners Luncheon.”
(3)张丽娟:《美国贸易政策的逻辑》,《美国研究》2016年第2期。
(4)USTR,“U.S.-China Trade Relations:Entering a New Phase of Greater Accountability and Enforcement.”
(5)USTR,“2017 Trade Policy Agenda and 2016 Annual Report.”
(6)Donald J.Trump,“Reforming the U.S.-China Trade Relationship to Make America Great Again.”
(7)The White House,“President Donald J.Trumps Policy Agenda and Annual Report for Free,Fair,and Reciprocal Trade,”2018-02-28,https:∥www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trumps-policy-agenda-annual-report-free-fair-reciprocal-trade/.
(1)USTR,“USTR Issues Tariffs on Chinese Products in Response to Unfair Trade Practices”,2018-06-15,https:∥ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/june/ustr-issues-tariffs-chinese-products.
(2)USTR,“Following President Trumps Section 301 Decisions,USTR Launches New WTO Challenge Against China,”2018-03-23,https:∥ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/march/following-president-trump%E2%80%99s-section.
(3)The White House,“Presidential Memorandum on the Actions by the United States Related to the Section 301 Investigation,”March 22,2018,https:∥www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-actions-united-statesrelated-section-301-investigation/.原定于2018年6月30日前由财政部发布限制中国对美投资的措施实际上并没有公布,白宫解释为制定改革美国外国投资委员会(CFIUS)的新法案(即《外国投资风险审查现代化法案(FIRRMA)》)正处于国会审批阶段,该法将赋予CFIUS限制中国对美投资的所有必要权力,因此只需加快改革在国会的立法进程即可,而无需再由财政部专门针对中国制定相关措施。参见The White House,“Statement from the President Regarding Investment Restrictions,”2018-06-27,https:∥www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-presidentregarding-investment-restrictions/.
(4)The White House,“Remarks by President Trump in Listening Session with Representatives from the Steel and Aluminum Industry,”2018-03-01,https:∥www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-listeningsession-representatives-steel-aluminum-industry/.
(5)Donald J.Trump,“Reforming the U.S.-China Trade Relationship to Make America Great Again.”
(6)The White House,“Remarks by President Trump at Signing of a Presidential Memorandum Targeting Chinas Economic Aggression,”2018-03-22,https:∥www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-signingpresidential-memorandum-targeting-chinas-economic-aggression/.
(7)Wayne M.Morrison,“Chinas Economic Rise:History,Trends,Challenges,and Implications for the United States,”2018-02-05,https:∥fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33534.pdf.
(1)Dani Rodrik,“The Debate Over Globalization:How to Move Forward By Looking Backward,”Revised,May 1998,https:∥drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/debate-over-globalization.pdf.Dani Rodrik,“Globalization Dilemmas&the Way Out,”The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations,Vol.47,No.3,January 2012,pp.393-404.
(2)丹尼·罗德里克:《全球化的悖论》,廖丽华译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,第86、10页。
(1)Wilbur Ross,“Remarks by Secretary Wilbur Ross at the National Press Club Headliners Luncheon.”
(2)李巍、张玉环:《“特朗普经济学”与中美经贸关系》,《现代国际关系》2017年第2期。
(3)International Trade Administration,“A-570-053 Investigation Public Document E&C VI:MJH/TB,”October 26,2017,https:∥enforcement.trade.gov/download/prc-nme-status/prc-nme-review-final-103017.pdf.“International Trade Administration,”A-570-901 Investigation Public Document,2006-08-30,https:∥enforcement.trade.gov/download/prc-nme-status/prc-lined-paper-memo-08302006.pdf.
(4)张丽娟:《美国贸易政策的逻辑》,《美国研究》2016年第2期。
(5)盛斌:《世界经济转变中的美国对外贸易政策》,《美国研究》1998年第3期。
(1)Carolyn Kenney and John Norris,“Trumps Conflicts of Interest in China,”2017-06-17,https:∥www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/news/2017/06/14/433915/trumps-conflicts-interest-china/.
(2)刁大明:《特朗普政府对外决策的确定性与不确定性》,《外交评论》2017年第2期。
(3)罗伯特·佐利克:《特朗普的反复无常与固定套路》,2017年1月19日,http:∥www.ftchinese.com/story/001071050?full=y.
(4)尹继武等:《特朗普的政治人格特质及其政策偏好分析》,《现代国际关系》2017年第2期。
(5)龚婷:《美国对华经贸政策新发展与中美经贸关系前景》,《国际问题研究》2018年第3期。
(6)USTR,“Following President Trumps Section 301 Decisions,USTR Launches New WTO Challenge Against China,”2018-03-23,https:∥ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/march/following-president-trump%E2%80%99s-section.
(1)U.S.House of Representatives,Committee on Ways and Means,“Hearing on U.S.Trade Policy Agenda,”2018-03-21,https:∥waysandmeans.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/20180321FC-Transcript.pdf.据报道,在特朗普总统亲自要求下拟定的“美国公平和对等关税法”(“United States Fair and Reciprocal Tariff Act”)因违反WTO的最惠国待遇和拟赋予总统任意收取关税的权力而被看作是美国要退出WTO的信号,但该法不仅没有得到白宫绝大部分内阁成员的支持,而且估计也会遭到国会的一致反对,因此,很难成为法律,事实上白宫发言人也否认了正在准备启动该立法。参见Jonathan Swan,“Exclusive:A leaked Trump bill to blow up the WTO,”2018-07-02,https:∥www.axios.com/trump-trade-war-leaked-bill-world-trade-organization-united-states-d51278d2-0516-4defa4d3-ed676f4e0f83.html.
【关闭】
