19世纪后期新奥尔良的种族重构——凯特·肖邦的小说《觉醒》中的种族主义思想分析
Reconstruction of Race in New Orleans of the Late 19th Century:Reading and Analyzing Racism in Kate Chopin's The Awakening
作者：叶英;
Author：
收稿日期： 年卷（期）页码：2018,217(04):-109-117
期刊名称：四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)
Journal Name：Journal of Sichuan University (Social Science Edition）
关键字：美国南部;种族建构;凯特·肖邦;《觉醒》
Key words：
基金项目：四川大学中央高校基本科研业务费项目“美国黑人教育的历史变迁及其原因分析(1830—1920)”(skzx2015-sb127)
中文摘要
19世纪后期,美国南部最突出的种族问题是奴隶制废除以后白人与黑人之间的关系问题,而南部重镇新奥尔良的种族问题因其格外复杂而尤为突出。以这一时期的新奥尔良作为故事背景的小说《觉醒》,集中体现了当时围绕种族问题所展开的社会性和政治性斗争,回应了新奥尔良所面临的种族难题。对小说文本的细节进行分析可以揭示,该作品不仅捕捉到了新奥尔良克里奥尔社会的种族偏见,而且其本身就是建构种族身份和加固种族偏见的工具。
参考文献
(1)Elizabeth Ammons,Conflicting Stories:American Women Writers at the Turn into the Twentieth Century,New York:Oxford University Press,1991,p.74.
(2)Anna Shannon Elfenbein,“Kate Chopins The Awakening:An Assault on American Racial and Sexual Mythology,”Southern Studies,Vol.26,No.4,1987,p.306.
(3)如认为肖邦以黑人为客观关联物来表达女性所感受的压迫,将中产阶级白人的婚姻类比黑奴制,以说明女性的不自由,参见Helen Taylor,“Gender,Race,and Region,”in Kate Chopin,The Awakening,ed.by Margo Culley,New York:Norton,1994,p.307.或认为肖邦含蓄地将埃德娜与有色人种妇女相提并论,从而在刻画这个与传统女性形象相悖的人物时得以颠覆文学的刻板印象和盛行的偏见,对埃德娜与此类妇女互动的现实主义处理,则暴露出她生活于其中的克里奥尔社会之性偏见和等级偏见,参见Elfenbein,“Kate Chopins The Awakening,”p.306.或认为小说中的有色人种妇女使埃德娜的“解放”成为可能---作为家仆,她们将她从家务劳动中解放出来,参见Ammons,Conflicting Stories,p.74.或认为尽管那些异族女人将埃德娜从家务劳动中解放出来,但由于她们象征着她所处的阶级地位以及与该地位联系在一起的性约束,故颇为矛盾的是,她们“既是她获取解放的条件也是她通往自由的障碍”,参见Michele A.Birnbaum,“‘Alien Hands:Kate Chopin and the Colonization of Race,”American Literature,Vol.66.No.2,1994,p.307.
(1)参见Toni Morrison,Playing in the Dark:Whiteness and the Literary Imagination,New York:Vintage Books,1992,pp.4-5.
(2)Werner Sollors,Beyond Ethnicity:Consent and Descent in American Culture,New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1986,p.11.
(3)参见Stephen Jay Gould,The Mismeasure of Man,New York:W.W.Norton,1981,pp.20-27.
(4)以上对杜波伊斯观点的引述,参见Philips S.Foner,ed.,W.E.B.DuB ois Speaks:Speeches and Addresses,1890-1919,New York:Pathfinder Press,1970,pp.74-75,75-76.
(5)Fredrick Barth,ed.,Ethnic Groups and Boundaries:The Social Organization of Culture,Boston:Little,Brown and Company,1969,p.13.
(6)Werner Sollors,ed.,Invention of Ethnicity,New York:Oxford University Press,1989,pp.x,xi.
(1)参见Ian F.Haney López,“The Social Construction of Race,”in Richard Delgado&Jean Stefanic,eds.,Critical Race Theory:The Cutting Edge,Philadelphia:Temple University Press,2013,pp.242-246,240,241,243.
(2)为行文方便,泛指有黑人血统的人。下文将谈及在不同历史语境下该词词义的变化。
(3)参见E.M.Foster,Aspects of the Novel,New York:Penguin Books,2005,pp.73-74.
(4)本文所用版本为Kate Chopin,The Awakening,ed.by Margo Culley,New York:Norton,1994.
(5)参见Alice Dunbar-Nelson,“People of Color in Louisiana:Part I,”The Journal of Negro History,Vol.1,No.4,1916,pp.361-362.
(6)Dale A.Somers,“Black and White in New Orleans:A Study in Urban Race Relations,1865-1900,”The Journal of Southern History,Vol.40,No.1,1974,p.21.
(1)参见Chopin,The Awakening,pp.10,19,33,47,107,41,97.
(2)Dunbar-Nelson,“People of Color in Louisiana,”p.361.“奥克托隆”意为八分之七白人血统,八分之一黑人血统。
(3)参见Chopin,The Awakening,pp.57,55.
(4)Dunbar-Nelson,“People of Color in Louisiana,”p.361.
(5)据说,“自由有色人”也不全是黑白混血儿,也包括少数因在战场上表现勇猛而被主人赋予自由或自己赎回自由的奴隶,以及因个人魅力而被主人给予自由的女奴。参见Dunbar-Nelson,“People of Color in Louisiana,”p.371.
(1)参见Maria Hebert-Leiter,Becoming Cajun,Becoming American:The Acadian in American Literature from Longfellow to James Lee Burke,Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,2009,p.3.
(2)以上引述,参见J.Michael Duvall and Julie Cary Nerad,“‘Suddenly and Shockingly Black’:The Atavistic Child in Turn-into-the-Twentieth-Century American Fiction,”African American Review,Vol.41,No.1,2007,p.53.
(3)参见Chopin,The Awakening,p.56.
(4)Hebert-Leiter,Becoming Cajun,Becoming American,p.3.
(1)Encyclopaedia Britannica,Vol.III,Chicago:Encyclopaedia Britannica,Inc.,1979,p.233.
(2)Philip Rabocock Gove et al.,eds.,Websters Third New International Dictionary,Springfield,MA:G.&C.Merriam Company,1976,p.534.
(3)Willilam H.Harris and Judith S.Levey,eds.,The New Columbia Encyclopedia,New York:Columbia University Press,1975,p.679.
(4)参见Encyclopaedia Britannica,Vol.III,p.233.
(5)“卡津(Cajun)”是英文单词Acadian(即阿卡迪亚人)在口语中被吞音后的发音。
(6)以上引述,参见Bonnie James Shaker,Coloring Locals:Racial Formation in Kate Chopins Youths Companion Stories,Iowa City:University of Iowa Press,2003,pp.48-49,28-29,29.
(7)参见Gary B.Mills,The Forgotten People:Cane Rivers Creoles of Color,Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1977,p.xiv.
(1)Shaker,Coloring Locals,p.49.
(2)Shaker,Coloring Locals,p.29.
(3)参见Chopin,The Awakening,pp.33,106-107.
(1)参见Somers,“Black and White in New Orleans,”pp.22,30-31,22-23.
(2)参见Chopin,The Awakening,pp.21,84,87.
(3)参见Chopin,The Awakening,p.39.
(1)参见Chopin,The Awakening,pp.39,9,32,42,45,67,24,99.
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