20世纪初美国仲裁主义者的“文明”话语及其国际秩序观
American Arbitrationists' Civilizational Discourse and Their Concept of International Order in the Early 20~(th) Century
作者：刘义勇;
Author：
收稿日期： 年卷（期）页码：2016,205(04):-36-45
期刊名称：四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)
Journal Name：Journal of Sichuan University (Social Science Edition）
关键字：文明话语;仲裁主义者;国际秩序观
Key words：
基金项目：国家社会科学基金重点项目“独立以来的美国身份意识与对外政策研究”(13ASS005);;
上海高校高峰高原学科建设计划资助项目;;
上海师范大学文科科研项目“文化观念与美利坚帝国的构建(1870s-1914)”
中文摘要
20世纪初,在美国关心国际问题的精英人士当中流行着一股仲裁主义思潮。仲裁主义者运用"文明"的话语构建了一套以和平、法律和国际主义为根基的国际秩序观。他们认为,"文明"就意味着和平,随着"文明"的发展,国家将变得越来越文明化,法律将取代权力成为国际关系准则,极端的民族主义也将为国际主义所取代。但同时他们也以维护"文明的利益"、推动仲裁为名,将美国塑造为世界仲裁的领导者和例外者,为维持美国在美洲的霸权辩护。这个时期美国仲裁主义者从"文明"进程中所做的推论既有合乎情理的一面,这增强了其信念的说服力;也有不少显而易见的矛盾和模糊之处,这一定程度上表明仲裁主义者用法律取代权力、用国际主义取代民族主义的国际秩序观的根基并不十分牢固,权力、民族主义与"文明"的关系远比他们所宣扬的更复杂。
参考文献
(1)关于“文明”一词的含义,可参见Michael Levin,J.S.Mill on Civilization and Barbarism,London:Routledge,2004;Bruce Mazlish,Civilization and Its Contents,Stanford:Stanford University Press,2004.
(2)这里的仲裁主义者(arbitrationist)指参加19世纪末20世纪初仲裁运动的精英人士,他们把推动美国政府与他国签订仲裁条约、建立仲裁法庭作为近期的主要目标。关于此群体的界定,可参见Cecil Reid,“Peace and Law:Peace Activism and International Arbitration,1895-1907,”Peace&Change,Vol.29,No.3&4,July 2004,pp.527-530.从1899年第一次海牙会议到一战前,仲裁运动取得了较大进展,美英法德等主要资本主义国家签订了一系列双边仲裁条约,并且建立和改革了海牙仲裁法庭。它的顶峰是1911年美国总统威廉·塔夫脱打算与英国签订“无限制仲裁条约”。仲裁运动标志着西方世界和平运动开始向着制度化、法律化和可操作化的方向发展。仲裁运动为和平事业留下了丰富遗产,直接影响了一战后美国倡议建立国联、国际法院等国际组织的举措。
(3)很多学者将仲裁置于和平运动成败的框架下来进行探讨,分析了仲裁失败的原因,诸如经济、脱离民众等因素,可参见Merle Curti,Peace or War:The American Struggle,1636-1936,New York:W.W.Norton and Company,1936;David Patterson,Toward a Warless World:The Travail of the American Peace Movement,1887-1914,Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1976.也有学者在大国合作的背景下探讨美国的仲裁外交,可参见Akira Iriye,From Nationalism to Internationalism,New York:Routledge,1977.入江昭曾指出,美国人把仲裁放在“文明”的思想中去理解,但内容较为简略,本文受到入江昭的启发,试图进一步探讨当时流行的“文明”话语对仲裁主义者国际秩序观的影响与塑造。
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(2)鲁特曾在1907年的仲裁会议上讲道,“不使用陆军与海军来征收此类债务是美国早已确定下来的政策,……在我们看来这种行为对国际关系和弱小与混乱国家的福祉是有害的,出于文明的利益,这些国家的发展应当受到鼓励”。参见Elihu Root,“The American Sentiment of Humanity,”Proceedings of the National Arbitration and Peace Congress,New York,April 14thto 17th,1907,p.42.
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