(1)将凯恩斯视为自由党人有些牵强。他本人的说法是:自己只是习惯于坐在自由党一侧的座位上。
(2)1950、1951、1955、1959和1964年的五次大选中,自由党分别只获得9、6、6、6和9个席位,明显低于苏格兰民族党。参见Iain Dale,ed.,Liberal Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,London:Routledge,2000,pp.69,79,87,95,105.
(3)这种误判属于一种简单化的理解习惯,也存在于英国社会乃至学界。见Michael Freeman,Liberalism Divided:AStudy in British Political Thought,1914-1939,London:Clarendon Press,1986,pp.2-4,6.
(1)1946年,保守党主席伍尔顿考虑到“保守”这一词根(Conserve)对诸多选民无吸引力,建议将之改名为“联盟党”。参阅《麦克米伦回忆录》第3卷,张理京等译,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第286页。
(2)早在1835年,迪斯雷里的《捍卫英国宪政》(Vindication of the English Constitution)一书就在捍卫英国政治传统时维护了保守主义。见Frank OGorman,British Conservatism,London:Longman,1986,pp.69-71.
(3)休·塞西尔:《保守主义》,杜汝楫译,北京:商务印书馆,1986年,第3、155页。
(4)弗里德里希·冯·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》下册,邓正来译,北京:三联书店,1997年,第188页。
(1)大卫·雷斯曼:《保守资本主义》,吴敏译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003年,第6页。
(2)参见顾肃:《自由主义基本理念》,北京:中央编译出版社,2003年,第304-307页。
(3)Robert Rhode James,ed.,Winston S.Churchill:His Complete Speeches,1897-1963,Volume VII,1943-1949,New York and London:Chelsea House Publishers in Associate with R.R.Bowker Company,1974,pp.7388-7389.
(4)L.S.Amery,Thoughts on the Constitution,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1947,p.21.
(5)弗里德里希·冯·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》下册,第194页。
(6)但有人反驳说,20世纪杰出思想家迈克尔·奥克肖特堪称例外,他能深入研究保守党的实践和理论,提出了一些较深刻的见解。
(7)Quintin Hogg,Case of Conservatism,Harmondsworth:Penguin,1947,p.11.
(8)Anthony Quintin,The Politics of Imperfection,London:Faber&Faber,1978.
(9)Sir I.Gilmour,Inside Right:A Study of Conservatism,London:Huchinson,1977,p.147.
(1)R.Scruton,The Meaning of Conservatism,New York:Barnes&Noble Books,1980,p.99.
(2)W.H.Greenleaf,The Ideological Heritage,Volume II,London and New York:Methuen,1940,p.235.
(3)See Anthony Seldon and Stuarts Ball,Conservative Century:The Conservative Party since 1900,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1994,p.331.
(4)Ernest Benn,The Return to Laissez Faire,London,1920,pp.10-11,42-43.
(5)Frank OGorman,British Conservatism:Conservative Thought from Burke to Thatcher,London and New York:Longman,1986,p.180.
(1)E.H.Green,Ideologies of Conservatism:Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002,pp.135-136.
(2)即不在党内占据重要职位的普通议员。
(3)Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,p.137.
(4)Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,p.140.
(5)Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,p.143.
(6)Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,p.147.
(1)Philip W.Buck,How Conservatives Think?London:Penguin Books,1973,p.127.
(2)乔治·马尔科姆·汤姆森:《英国历届首相小传》,高坚等译,北京:新华出版社,1986年,第326页。
(1)Horald Macmillan,The Next Step,London,1932,pp.31-32.
(2)Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,pp.163-164.
(3)Horald Macmillan,Reconstruction,London,1932,pp.32,16-17.
(4)H.Macmillan,The Middle Way:A Study of the Problem of Economic and Social Progress in a Free and Democratic Society,London,1938,pp.36-37,102-104.
(5)Macmillan,The Middle Way,p.186.
(6)Macmillan,The Middle Way,p.194.
(1)参阅《麦克米伦回忆录》第3卷,第295页。
(2)Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,p.164.
(3)弗里德里希·奥古斯都·冯·哈耶克:《通往奴役之路》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1997年,第30、101页。
(4)弗里德里希·奥古斯都·冯·哈耶克:《通往奴役之路》,第157页。
(5)弗里德里希·冯·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》下册,第189、146页。
(1)弗里德里希·冯·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》下册,第188页。
(2)1974年,有可能成为保守党新党魁的基斯·约瑟夫在一次演讲中,要求下层妇女控制生育力,引发舆论抗议。约瑟夫无奈退出党争,鼓励其追随者撒切尔夫人竞争保守党党魁。参见Leonard Tivey and Anthony Wright,eds.,Party Ideology in Britain,London:Routledge,1989,p.61.
(3)R.F.Leaching,“Thatcherism,Liberalism and Tory Collectivism”,Politics,Vol.3,No.1,2010,pp.9-14.
(1)Tivey and Wright,eds.,Party Ideology in Britain,p.66.
(2)1948-1977年间,位于约克郡马夏姆市的保守党“党校”斯文顿学院(Swinton College)担当了重要的党内教育任务,主要负责培训地方党员。参见Stuart Ball,“Local Conservative and Evolution of the Party Organization,”Anthony Seldon and Stuart Ball,eds.,Conservative Century:The Conservative Party since 1900,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1994,p.278.
(3)《麦克米伦回忆录》第3卷,第286页。
(4)《麦克米伦回忆录》第3卷,第286-287页。
(5)John Barnes and Richard Cockett,“The Making of Party Policy,”Seldon and Ball,eds.,Conservative Century,p.354.
(6)Iain Dale,ed.,Conservative Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,London:Routledge,2000,pp.7,17.
(1)Dale,ed.,Conservative Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,pp.35,33;Lain Dale,ed.,Labour Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,London:Routledge,2000,pp.28-30.
(2)James,ed.,Winston S.Churchill,pp.7171-7172.
(3)工党为了胜选,特为竞选宣言加了标题:《让我们面对未来:一份为国家民族所设想的政策声明》。
(4)Dale,ed.,Conservative Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,pp.75-81,87.
(1)Dale,ed.,Conservative Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,p.265.
(2)John Ramsden,Making of Conservative Party Policy:The Conservative Research Department since 1929,London:Longman,1980,pp.145-146.
(3)Harriet Jones,“A Bloodless Counter-Revolution:The Conservative Party and the Defence of Inequality,1945-51,”Harriet Jones and Michael Kandiah,eds.,The Myth of Consensus:New View on British History,1945-1961,New York:Macmillan,1996,pp.8-11.
(1)Dale,ed.,Liberal Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,pp.45,61.
(2)Dale,ed.,Liberal Party General Election Manifestos,1900-1997,pp.102-103.
(3)F.W.S.Craig,British Electoral Facts,1832-1987,London:Parliamentary Research Services,1989.其中1910年两次大选中,保守党均获最多选票,但一次少获3个席位,一次相同。1923年大选保守党获得38.1%的选票和258个议席,实为第一党,但未组阁执政。
(1)G.Alderman,Britain:A One Party State?London:Christopher Helm,1989.
(2)Dennis Kavanagh,Thatcherism and British Politics:The End of Consensus?Oxford:Oxford University Press,1987,pp.221-222.
(3)《麦克米伦回忆录》第3卷,第279页。
(1)是保守党内对撒切尔政府持温和态度的批评者,包括该党前首相们,如爱德华·希思等。参见Kavanagh,Thatcherism and British Politics,pp.5,15.
(2)Jones,“A Bloodless Counter-Revolution:Conservative Party and the Defense of Inequality,1945-51,”Jones and Kandiah,eds.,The Myth of Consensus,pp.5-6.
(3)Andrew Boxer,The Conservative Government,1951-1964,London:Longman,1996,pp.3,8;Green,Ideologies of Conservatism,pp.155,222,247-248,250-251,253,266,274-276;Andrew Gamble,The Conservative Nation,London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1974,p.79.
(4)Robert Waller,“Conservative Electoral Support and Social Class,”Seldon and Ball,eds.,Conservative Century,p.579.
(1)Byron Criddle,“Members of Parliament,”Seldon and Ball,eds.,Conservative Century,p.146.
(2)Waller,“Conservative Electoral Support and Social Class,”Seldon and Ball,eds.,Conservative Century,pp.580-585.
