构建太平洋共同体的失败努力:太平洋国际学会的活动与影响(1925—1945)

The Unsuccessful Efforts to Foster the Pacific Community:The Activities of the Institute of Pacific Relations and Their Influence

作者：王立新;

Author：

收稿日期： 年卷（期）页码：2015,196(01):-46-61

期刊名称：四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)

Journal Name：Journal of Sichuan University (Social Science Edition）

关键字：太平洋国际学会;太平洋共同体;亚洲研究;美国外交政策

Key words：

基金项目：

中文摘要

作为太平洋地区最早出现的国际非政府组织,太平洋国际学会从一个旨在促进亚太地区国家间相互理解和培育太平洋共同体意识的知识团体逐渐演变成以影响政府政策为目标以及服务于美国和盟国战时需要的思想库,并在冷战初期受到美国国会的指控而解散。学会开展的学术研究、圆桌讨论和教育活动虽然有助于消除国家间的误解,对太平洋战争时期的美国政策也具有一定影响,并推动了美国的亚洲研究,但其试图通过培育太平洋共同体意识来改善太平洋地区国家间关系的目标并未实现。个中原因除了学会无法控制的外部国际环境的巨变外,还与其自身的局限性有关,包括各国别理事会的民族主义立场和学会组织者对科学和理性的天真信奉。

参考文献

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4 John N.Thomas,The Institute of Pacific Relations:Asian Scholars and American Politics,Seattle:University of Washington Press,1974;Paul F.Hooper,“The Institute of Pacific Relations and the Origins of Asian and Pacific Studies,”Pacific Affairs,Vol.61,No.1,Spring 1988,pp.98-121;Paul F.Hooper,ed.,Rediscovering the IPR:Proceedings of the First International Research Conference on the Institute of Pacific Relations,Center for Arts and Humanities,University of Hawaii at Manoa,1994;Tomoko Akami,Internationalizing the Pacific:The United States,Japan and the Institute of Pacific Relations in War and Peace,1919-1945,London and New York:Routledge,2002;Michael Richard Anderson,Pacific Dreams:The Institute of Pacific Relations and the Struggle for the Mind of Asia,Ph.D.Diss.,The University of Texas at Austin,2009.
1 Woodrow Wilson,New Democracy:Presidential Messages,Addresses,and Other Papers(1913-1917),edited by Ray Stannard Baker and William E.Dodd,New York:Harper,1926,Vol.2,p.408.
2 Chester H.Rowell,“American Sentiment on Problems of the Pacific,”Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June 30-July 14,1925:History,Organization,Proceedings,Discussions,and Addresses,Honolulu,Hawaii,1925,p.103.
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4 Howard Beale,Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1956,pp.172,174.
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1 Tomoko Akami,“The Rise and Fall of a‘Pacific Sense’,”Hooper,ed.,Rediscovering the IPR,p.12.
2 Croly,“The Human Potential in Pacific Politics,”Condliffe,ed.,Problems of the Pacific:Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu,Hawaii,July 15 to 29,1927,pp.582-583.
3 “History and Organization,”Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June30 -July 14,1925,pp.11-13.
4 其中包括曾担任日本基督教青年会干事、时任太平洋沿岸种族关系调查局主任的约翰·戴维斯(John Merle Davis),曾在印度和法国基督教青年会工作的爱德华·卡特(Edward Carter),纽约麦卡琴航运公司老板詹姆斯·斯皮尔斯(James Speers),斯坦福大学校长雷·威尔伯(Ray Lyman Wilbur),马萨诸塞州克拉克大学政治学和远东问题专家乔治·布莱克斯利(George Blakeslee),哈佛大学讲师、中国问题专家斯坦利·亨培克(Stanley Hornbeck),哈佛大学历史系教授兼《外交事务》杂志主编阿奇博尔德·库立奇(Archibald Coolidge),前美国驻印度贸易专员、太平洋贸易专家查尔斯·巴彻尔德(Charles Batchelder),纽约社会与宗教研究所执行干事盖伦·费希尔(Galen Fisher),哥伦比亚大学历史学家詹姆斯·肖特维尔(James Shotwell),哈佛大学国际法教授乔治·威尔逊(George G.Wilson),美国前驻日大使罗兰·莫里斯(Roland Morris),长期在日本宣教的著名传教士西德尼·古立克(Sidney Gulick),基督教青年会世界协会总干事约翰·穆德和美国亚洲协会的亨利·穆尔(Henry Moore)等。
5 “History and Organization,”Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June30 -July 14,1925,pp.19-21.
6 太平洋国际学会的英文名为Institute of Pacific Relations,直译为“太平洋关系学会”,但当时的中国报刊最初称其为“太平洋国交讨论会”,从1931年开始称之为“太平洋国际学会”,本文据此译为“太平洋国际学会”。
7 Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June 30-July 14,1925,pp.135-140.
1 Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June 30-July 14,1925,Contents.
2 《太平洋国交讨论会“永久组织”委员会纪录》,《青年进步》第86册,1925年10月,第107页。
3 “Appendix III:Constitution of the Institute of Pacific Relations,”John B.Condliffe,ed.,Problems of the Pacific:Proceedings of the Third Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Nara and Kyoto,Japan,23 October-9 November 1929,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1930,p.607.
4 Summary of Round-Table Discussions:“Diplomatic Relations in the Pacific,”Condliffe,ed.,Problems of the Pacific:Proceedings of the Third Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Nara and Kyoto,Japan,23 October-9 November 1929,p.212.
1 J.M.Davis,“Preface,”Condliffe,ed.,Problems of the Pacific:Proceedings of the Third Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Nara and Kyoto,Japan,23 October-9 November 1929,p.v.
2 Frank C.Atherton,“The Purpose of the Institute of Pacific Relations,”Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June 30-July 14,1925,pp.55-57.
3 Croly,“The Human Potential in Pacific Politics,”Condliffe,ed.,Problems of the Pacific:Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu,Hawaii,July 15 to 29,1927,pp.578-579.
4 T.Z.Koo,“A Chinese View of Pacific Relations,”Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June 30-July 14,1925,p.68.
5 Quoted in Anderson,Pacific Dreams,p.39.
6 Atherton,“The Purpose of the Institute of Pacific Relations,”Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June 30-July 14,1925,p.56.
7 Hall to Hon.S.L.Amery,2 August 1925,A981/1/Org93,Australian Archives.Quote in Akami,“The Rise and Fall of a‘Pacific Sense’,”Hooper,ed.,Rediscovering the IPR,p.16.
1 Dean,“The Approach to Pacific Problems,”Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June 30-July 14,1925,pp.46-47.
2 《太平洋国际学会工作之概况》,刘驭万编:《最近太平洋问题:太平洋国际学会第四届大会报告书》,上海:中国太平洋国际学会,1932年,上卷,第230页。《太平洋国际学会工作之概况》为The Handbook of the Institute of the Pacific Relations的译文。
3 Dean,“The Approach to Pacific Problems,”Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June 30-July 14,1925,p.46.
4 Chester H.Rowell,“American Sentiment on Problems of the Pacific,”Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June 30-July 14,1925,p.103.
5 Summary of Roundtable Discussions on the New Diplomacy,Condliffe,ed.,Problems of the Pacific,Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu,Hawaii July 15 to 29,1927,pp.163-165.
6 Edgar E.Robinson and Paul C.Edwards,eds.,The Memoirs of Ray Lyman Wilbur,Stanford,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1960,p.320.
7 Dean,“The Approach to Pacific Problems,”Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June 30-July 14,1925,pp.46,49.
1 Atherton,“The Purpose of the Institute of Pacific Relations,”Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June 30-July 14,1925,p.58.
2 余日章:《中国在国际间之地位》,《青年进步》第73册,1924年5月,第4页。
3 《联太平洋会议开会之沪讯》,《申报》1925年2月10日,第14版。
4 《太平洋国际学会工作之概况》,刘驭万编:《最近太平洋问题:太平洋国际学会第四届大会报告书》,上卷,第223页。
1 “The Studies of International Affairs in the Pacific Area,”IPR Notes,No.5,June 1936,pp.5-31.Quoted in Paul F.Hooper,“A Brief History of the Institute of Pacific Relations,”Hooper,ed.,Rediscovering the IPR,p.136.
2 “Appendix 1:IPR Conferences,”Akami,Internationalizing the Pacific,pp.282-283.
3 Davis,“Preface,”Condliffe,ed.,Problems of the Pacific:Proceedings of the Third Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Nara and Kyoto,Japan,23 October-9 November 1929,p.vii.
4 陈立庭:《序言》,刘驭万编:《最近太平洋问题:太平洋国际学会第四届大会报告书》,上卷,第4-5页。
5 American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Annual Report of the American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations,1940-1941,New York,1942,p.24.
6 Summary of Roundtable Discussions on the New Diplomacy,Condliffe,ed.,Problems of the Pacific:Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu,Hawaii,July 15 to 29,1927,p.162.
7 American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Annual Report of the American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations,1938,New York,1939,pp.2-3.
1 详情可参阅美国理事会年报。American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Annual Report of the American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations,1934-1941,New York,1935-1942.
2 《太平洋国际学会工作之概况》,刘驭万编:《最近太平洋问题:太平洋国际学会第四届大会报告书》,第229-230页。
3 Robinson and Edwards,eds.,The Memoirs of Ray Lyman Wilbur,p.324.
4 Akira Iriye,“Forward,”Akami,Internationalizing the Pacific,p.xii.
5 J.M.Davis,“Forword,”Condliffe,ed.,Problems of the Pacific:Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu,Hawaii,July 15 to 29,1927,p.vi.
1 Davis,“Preface,”Condliffe,ed.,Problems of the Pacific:Proceedings of the Third Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Nara and Kyoto,Japan,23 October-9 November 1929,p.vi.
2 John N.Thomas,The Institute of Pacific Relations:Asian Scholars and American Politics,Seattle:University of Washington Press,1974,p.7.
1 IPR Publications on the Pacific:1925-1952,New York:International Secretariat of the Institute of Pacific Relations,1953,pp.101-102.
2 Akami,Internationalizing the Pacific,p.284.
1 IPR in Wartime:Report of the American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations,1942-1943,New York:American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations,1943,p.8.Quoted in Hooper,“A Brief History of the Institute of Pacific Relations,”Hooper,ed.,Rediscovering the IPR,pp.126-127.
2 Akami,Internationalizing the Pacific,p.257.
3 Paul F.Hooper,“The Institute of Pacific Relations and the Origins of Asian and Pacific Studies,”Pacific Affairs,Vol.61,No.1,Spring 1988,p.115.
4 Anderson,Pacific Dreams,p.60.
1 T.A.Bisson,“Chinas Part in a Coalition War,”Far Eastern Survey,Vol.12,No.14,July 14,1943,pp.135-141.引文引自第139、40、141页。
1 Croly,“The Human Potential in Pacific Politics,”Condliffe,ed.,Problems of the Pacific:Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu,Hawaii,July 15 to 29,1927,p.590.
2 Akami,Internationalizing the Pacific,p.94.
3 Anderson,Pacific Dreams,p.52.
4 此为美国理事会成员、华尔街银行家杰罗姆·格林(Jerome D.Greene)在1927年檀香山会议上发言时对外国投资在国际关系上扮演的角色的评价,这一评价也可用在太平洋学会身上。Jerome D.Greene,“The Role of the Banker in International Relations,”Condliffe,ed.,Problems of the Pacific:Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu,Hawaii,July 15 to 29,1927,p.450.
5 此为普林斯顿大学教授雅各布·瓦伊纳(Jacob Viner)的评语,后被洛克菲勒基金会1943年年报所采用。Anderson,Pacific Dreams,p.11.
6 IPR Publications on the Pacific:1925-1952.
7 由太平洋学会组织或资助的经典研究主要有:J.Lossing Buck,Land Utilization in China,Shanghai:The Commercial Press,Ltd.,1937;George McT.Kahin,Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1952;Felix M.Keesing,Modern Samoa:Its Government and Changing Life,London:G.Allen and Unwin,Ltd.,1934;Owen Lattimore,Inner Asian Frontiers of China,London:Oxford University Press,1940;E.Herbert Norman,Japans Emergence as a Modern State,New York:Secretariat of the Institute of Pacific Relations,1940;Ricard H.Tawney,Land and Labor in China,London:G.Allen and Unwin,Ltd.,1932.
1 此为包大可(A.Doak Barnett)对费正清思想的总结。Paul A.Cohen and Merle Goldman,eds.,Fairbank Remembered,John K.Fairbank Center for East Asian Research,Harvard University,1992,p.179.
2 Hooper,“The Institute of Pacific Relations and the Origins of Asian and Pacific Studies,”pp.98-99.该文对太平洋国际学会对亚洲研究的贡献有详细的分析。
3 Fairbank to Holand,Feb.10,1987,Quoted in Hooper,“The Institute of Pacific Relations and the Origins of Asian and Pacific Studies,”p.99.
4 《蒋主席演说太平洋会性质》(南京十四日下午三时专电),《大公报》1931年9月15日,第4版。
5 《太平洋国际学会第四届大会》,刘驭万编:《最近太平洋问题:太平洋国际学会第四届大会报告书》,上卷,第4页。
6 《太平洋国际学会第四届大会》,刘驭万编:《最近太平洋问题:太平洋国际学会第四届大会报告书》,上卷,第3-4页。
7 Croly,“The Human Potential in Pacific Politics,”Condliffe,ed.,Problems of the Pacific:Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu,Hawaii,July 15 to 29,1927,p.586.
8 Dean,“The Approach to Pacific Problems,”Institute of Pacific Relations,ed.,Institute of Pacific Relations,Honolulu Session,June 30-July 14,1925,p.49.
1 Emily S.Rosenberg,“Revisiting Dollar Diplomacy:Narratives of Money and Manliness,”Diplomatic History,Vol.2,No.2,Spring 1998,p.155.
2 爱德华·W·萨义德:《东方学》,王宇根译,北京:三联书店,1999年,第12-13页。

【关闭】

论文摘要

构建太平洋共同体的失败努力:太平洋国际学会的活动与影响(1925—1945)

The Unsuccessful Efforts to Foster the Pacific Community:The Activities of the Institute of Pacific Relations and Their Influence