ObjectiveTo investigate the cognition and behaviors about oral health of nursing home residents in Chengdu and analyze the influencing factors.MethodsOral health cognition and behaviors were surveyed made among 271 nursing home residents in Chengdu.ResultsResidents had low oral health cognition and incorrect behaviors. Moreover, the elderly with different levels of education and economy had varied oral health cognition, resulting in their oral behaviors being significantly different.ConclusionEducational and economic levels affected the oral health cognition of nursing home residents. Therefore, more oral education and services should be provided to improve their oral health.