①详见哈全安:《从白色革命到伊斯兰革命》,《历史研究》2001年第6期;《伊朗现代化进程中的世俗政治与宗教政治》,《史学理论研究》2008年第3期。
①Barbara A.Rieffer-Flanagan,Evolving Iran:An Introduction to Politics and Problems in the Islamic Republic,Washington:Georgetoen University Press,2013,p.83.
②Larry Diamond,Islam and Democracy in the Middle East,Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2003,p.140.
③Rieffer-Flanagan,Evolving Iran,p.56.
④Mehran Kamrava,Iran Today:An Encyclopedia of Life in the Islamic Republic,Westport:Green wood Press,2008,p.182.
⑤Rieffer-Flanagan,Evolving Iran,p.57.
⑥Kamrava,Iran Today,p.184.
⑦Ghonchen Tazmini,Khatami's Iran:The Islamic Republic and the Turbulent Path to Reform,London:I.B.Tauris Publishers,2009,p.101.
⑧Kamrava,Iran Today,pp.49,51.
⑨John L.Esposito,Iran at the Crossroads,New York:Palgrave Publishers,2001,p.32.
(10)Kamrava,Iran Today,pp.185,187.
(11)Said A.Arjomand,After Khomeini:Iran Under His Successors,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009,pp.43-44.
①Kamrava,Iran Today,p.182.
②Ellen Lust-Okar,Political Participation in the Middle East,Boulder:Lynne Rienner Publishers,2008,p.57.
③Diamond,Islam and Democracy in the Middle East,pp.124-125.
④Louis R.Mortimer,Iran,A Country Study,Washington:Kessinger Publishing,1988,p.79.
⑤Kamrava,Iran Today,pp.324-325.
⑥Mohsen M.Milani,The Making of Iran's Islamic Revolution,Boulder:Westviews Press,1994,p.199.
⑦Kamrava,Iran Today,pp.183-185.
⑧Fariba Adelkhan,Being Modern in Iran,London:Hurst&Company,1998,p.82.
⑨Tazmini,Khatami's Iran,pp.72-73;Diamond,Islam and Democracy in the Middle East,p.129.
(10)Lust-Okar,Political Participation in the Middle East,pp.66-67.
(11)Tazmini,Khatami's Iran,pp.148-149.
(12)Rieffer-Flanagan,Evolving Iran,p.63.
(13)Kamrava,Iran Today,p.183.
(14)Sepehr Zabih,Iran since the Revolution,London:Croom Helm Press,1982,p.144.
(15)Zabih,Iran since the Revolution,p.151.
①Esposito,Iran at the Crossroads,p.53.
②Anoushiravan Ehteshami,After Khomeini:The Iranian Second Republic,London:Routledge,1995,pp.54-55,62.
③Lust-Okar,Political Participation in the Middle East,p.59;Esposito,Iran at the Crossroads,p.53.
④Tazmini,Khatami's Iran,p.49;David Menashri,Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran:Religion,Society and Power,London:Frank Cass Publishers,2001,pp.86-87.
⑤Tazmini,Khatami's Iran,pp.55,113.
⑥Lust-Okar,Political Participation in the Middle East,p.67.
⑦Ali Gheissari,Contemporary Iran:Economy,Society,Politics,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009,pp.284-285.
⑧Ali Cheissari,Democracy in Iran:History and the Question for Liberty,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006,p.148.
⑨Rieffer-Flanagan,Evolving Iran,p.96.
(10)Arjomand,After Khomeini,p.129.
(11)Menashri,Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran,pp.99-100.
(12)Esposito,Iran at the Crossroads,p.45.
(13)Arjomand,After Khomeini,p.131.
①Tawfiq Alsaif,Islamic Democracy and Its Limits:The Iranian Experience since 1979,London:Saqi Books,2007,pp.144-146.
②Tazmini,Khatami's Iran,pp.73,74.
③Milani,The Making of Iran's Islamic Revolution,pp.198-200.
④Alsaif,Islamic Democracy and Its Limite,p.178.
⑤Cheissari,Democracy in Iran,p.108.
⑥Lust-Okar,Political Participation in the Middle East,p.62.
①Diamond,Islam and Democracy in the Middle East,p.115.
②Diamond,Islam and Democracy in the Middle East,pp.115-116.
③Menashri,Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran,pp.99-100;Kamrava,Iran Today,p.110.
④Tazmini,Khatami's Iran,p.73;Menashri,Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran,p.314.
⑤Alsaif,Islamic Democracy and Its Limite,p.151.
⑥Lust-Okar,Political Participation in the Middle East,p.67.
⑦Arjomand,After Khomeini,pp.131,43-44.
⑧Diamond,Islam and Democracy in the Middle East,p.140.
⑨Kamrava,Iran Today,p.185.
①Menashri,Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran,p.87.
②Tazmini,Khatami's Iran,p.55.
③Joseph M.Skelly,Political Islam from Muhammad to Ahmadinejad,Oxford:Praeger Security International,2010,p.163.
④Cheissari,Democracy in Iran,pp.135-136,148,150.
⑤Micheal Miner,The Coming Revolution:An Improbable Possibility,Saarbrucken:Lap Lambert Academic Publishers,2011,pp.36-37.
⑥Arjomand,After Khomeini,p.152.
⑦Tazmini,Khatami's Iran,p.140.
①Negin Nabavi,Iran:Ffrom Theocracy to the Green Movement,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2012,pp.23-24.
②Jahangir Amuzegar,“Iran's Crumbling Revolution,”Foreign Affairs,Vol.82,No.1,Jan.2003,pp.44-57.
③Nabavi,Iran,p.51.
④Alsaif,Islamic Democracy and Its Limite,p.81.
⑤Said A.Arjomand,“Civil Society and the Rule of Law in the Constitutional Politics of Iran Under Khatami,”Social Research,Vol.67,No.2,Summer 2000,pp.283-301.
⑥Rieffer-Flanagan,Evolving Iran,p.91.
⑦Ray Takeyh,Hidden Iran:Paradox and Power in the Islamic Republic,New York:Times Books,2006,p.49.
①Arjomand,After Khomeini,p.68.Takeyh,Hidden Iran,p.49.
②Arjomand,After Khomeini,pp.68-71.
③Alsaif,Islamic Democracy and Its Limite,pp.159-160.
④Arjomand,After Khomeini,p.96;Lust-Okar,Political Participation in the Middle East,p.63.
⑤Alsaif,Islamic Democracy and Its Limite,pp.151-155.
⑥Menashri,Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran,pp.80,82.
⑦Cheissari,Democracy in Iran,p.133.
⑧Menashri,Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran,pp.82-83.
⑨Tazmini,Khatami's Iran,pp.60-61,52,50.
①Esposito,Iran at the Crossroads,p.46.
②Cheissari,Democracy in Iran,pp.152-153.
③Keith Crane,Iran's Political,Demographic and Economic Vulnerabilities,Pittsburgh:Rand Corporation,2008,p.83.
④Arjomand,After Khomeini,p.112.
⑤Ervand Abrahamian,A History of Modern Iran,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,p.187.
①Esposito,Iran at the Crossroads,pp.48,47.
②Abrahamian,A History of Modern Iran,p.164.
③Gheissari,Contemporary Iran,p.249.
④Tazmini,Khatami's Iran,pp.101,30,124.
⑤Menashri,Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran,p.157.
⑥Crane,Iran's Political,Demographic and Economic Vulnerabilities,p.12.
⑦Gheissari,Contemporary Iran,p.252.
⑧Arjomand,After Khomeini,p.92.
①Crane,Iran's Political,Demographic and Economic Vulnerabilities,p.12.
②Gheissari,Contemporary Iran,p.250.
③Lust-Okar,Political Participation in the Middle East,p.58.
④Esposito,Iran at the Crossroads,p.34.
⑤Gheissari,Contemporary Iran,p.264.
⑥Arjomand,After Khomeini,p.43.
⑦Gheissari,Contemporary Iran,p.250.
⑧Arjomand,After Khomeini,p.43.
⑨Zabih,Iran since the Revolution,pp.144,151;Esposito,Iran at the Crossroads,p.53;Ehteshami,After Khomeini,p.62;Lust-Okar,Political Participation in the Middle East,p.67;Menashri,Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran,pp.85-86.
①Arjomand,After Khomeini,pp.43-44.
②Menashri,Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran,p.53.
③Said A.Arjomand,“Iran's Islamic Revolution in Comparative Perspective,”World Politics,Vol.38,No.3,Apr.1986,pp.383-414.
④Menashri,Post-Revolutionary Politics in Iran,p.313.
⑤Arjomand,After Khomeini,p.112.
⑥Diamond,Islam and Democracy in the Middle East,pp.131-132.
①Abrahamian,A History of Modern Iran,p.163.
②Nabavi,Iran,p.51.