地方政治与权利创造——美国康涅狄格州节育法引发的社会政治斗争

Local Politics and the Creation of Rights——Social and Political Struggles on Birth Control Law in Connecticut

作者：曹鸿;

Author：

收稿日期： 年卷（期）页码：2018,216(03):-135-141

期刊名称：四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)

Journal Name：Journal of Sichuan University (Social Science Edition）

关键字：康涅狄格州;节育法;立法斗争;司法斗争

Key words：

基金项目：国家社会科学基金青年项目“美国‘社会政治’的兴起——以道德改革和权利运动为中心”(14CSS007)

中文摘要

1879年,康涅狄格州议会在道德立法风潮的影响下通过了一项法律,禁止使用节育用品、传播相关信息。而1920年之后,节育逐渐为多数美国民众所接受。康涅狄格州节育组织为废除或修订节育法,发起了长期的政治斗争。支持节育的社会组织、新教人士和医学群体与反对节育的地方天主教会、保守人士在听证会和议会上展开交锋。立法斗争多次失败之后,节育组织转而创办诊所,引发数起诉讼,提出多种权利主张,最终通过联邦最高法院的判决取得胜利。这场节育法引发的争论,体现了地方议会与主流民意、地方政治与联邦法院的互动与博弈,揭示了利益群体参与社会政治活动的过程。

参考文献

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(2)Elaine Tyler May,“The Politics of Reproduction,”Irish Journal of American Studies,Vol.6,1997,p.2.
(3)参见曹鸿:《道德与权利的博弈---美国科姆斯托克法的出台、实施和所引发的社会政治斗争》,《史学月刊》2013年第8期,第80-93页。
(4)代表性的研究有David Kennedy,Birth Control in America:The Career of Margaret Sanger,New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,1970;C.Thomas Dienes,Law,Politics,and Birth Control,Urbana,IL:University of Illinois Press,1972;James Reed,From Private Vice to Public Virtue:The Birth Control Movement and American Society since 1830,New York:Basic Books,1978;Carole R.McC ann,Birth Control Politics in the United States 1916-1945,Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1994;Janet Farrell Brodie,Contraception and Abortion in Nineteenth-Century America,Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1994;Linda Gordon,The Moral Property of Women:A History of Birth Control Politics in America.Chicago,IL:University of Illinois Press,2002.
(1)例如Alvah W.Sulloway,“The Legal and Political Aspects of Population Control in the United States,”Law and Contemporary Problems,Vol.25,No.3,Summer,1960,pp.593-613;Peter Smith,“The History and Future of the Legal Battle over Birth Control,”Cornell Law Quarterly,Vol.49,No.2,1963-1964,pp.275-303;Carol Flora Brooks,“The Early History of the Anti-Contraceptive Laws in Massachusetts and Connecticut,”American Quarterly,Vol.18,No.1,Spring,1966,pp.3-23;Harriet Pollack,“An Uncommonly Silly Law”:The Connecticut Birth Control Cases in the U.S.Supreme Court,Ph.D.Dissertation,Columbia University,1967;Mary L.Dudziak,“Just Say No:Birth Control in the Connecticut Supreme Court before Griswold v.Connecticut,”Iowa Law Review,Vol.75,No.4,May,1990,pp.915-939;David J.Garrow,Liberty and Sexuality:The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v.Wade,Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1998;John W.Johnson,Griswold v.Connecticut:Birth Control and the Constitutional Right of Privacy,Lawrence,KS:University Press of Kansas,2005.
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(3)Mary Ware Dennett,Birth Control Laws:Shall We Keep Them,Change Them or Abolish Them,New York:Frederick H.Hitchcock,1926,pp.7,268.
(4)Carol Flora Brooks,“The Early History of the Anti-Contraceptive Laws in Massachusetts and Connecticut,”pp.8-9.
(5)Samuel Eliot Morison,“The Colonial Period,”North American Review,Vol.243,No.1,Spring 1937,p.203.
(6)本文所涉及的参众两院和议员,若非特别说明,均指康涅狄格州州议会(Connecticut General Assembly)两院和议员。
(7)相关立法史除前文所列之外还可参见Joseph B.Clark,“Brief for Appellee,”Griswold and Buxton v.Connecticut,Supreme Court of the United States,October Term,1964,Appendix B,pp.30-32.
(8)“Connecticut Legislature,”Hartford Daily Courant,Mar.21,1879,p.1.
(9)Seymour L.Linfield,Laws Relating to Birth Control in the United States and Its Territories,New York:Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau,1938,p.20.
(10)Dienes,Law,Politics,and Birth Control,p.324.
(1)康涅狄格州从未逮捕起诉过节育用品使用者。1953年曾有多位市民向州长上书,要求立刻采取行动执行法律,以此反证法律的不合理。
(2)经典论述参见Gordon,The Moral Property of Women,Chapter 4-12.
(3)“Assembly Will Get Birth Control Bill,Mrs.Sanger's Agent Plans to Organize League Here,”Hartford Courant,Jan.7,1923,p.8;“Birth Control Meeting Today,”Hartford Courant,Jan.12,1923,p.6;“Advocates of Birth Control Organize,”Hartford Courant,May 27,1923,p.2.
(4)“Says Birth Control Wouldn't Threaten Extinction of Race,”Hartford Courant,Feb.3,1923,p.8.
(5)Leslie Woodcock Tentler,Catholics and Contraception:An American History,Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2008,p.5.
(6)Richard M.Fagley,“A Protestant View of Population Control,”Law and Contemporary Problems,Vol.25,No.3,Summer,1960,pp.470-471.
(7)天主教会官方只支持完全禁欲或者在女性生理期禁欲,反对其他形式例如使用药物和器具的节育方法。参见Norman St.John-Stevas,“A Roman Catholic View of Population Control,”Law and Contemporary Problems,Vol.25,No.3,Summer,1960,pp.445-469;Pope Pius XI,Encyclical of Pope Pius XI on Christian Marriage,Washington,D.C.:National Catholic Welfare Conference,1931,p.19.
(8)Dolores Ann Liptak,European Immigrants and the Catholic Church in Connecticut,1870-1920,New York:Center for Migration Studies,1987,pp.7,60-61.
(9)“Bishop Murray Opposes Birth Control Measure,”Hartford Courant,Feb.14,1923,p.2.
(10)“House Hears Birth Control Debate Today,”Hartford Courant,Mar.12,1929,pp.1-2;“Save Youth Plea against Birth Control,”Hartford Courant,Mar.13,1929,p.14.
(11)“Birth Control Arguments at Capitol Today,”Hartford Courant,Feb.24,1931,p.17.
(1)“Birth Control Bill Lost in Senate Vote,”Hartford Courant,Apr.3,1931,p.3.
(2)Hazel C.Benjamin,“Lobbying for Birth Control,”Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.2,No.1,Jan.1938,p.50.
(3)“Birth Control Approved Here by Methodists,”New York Herald Tribune,Apr.8,1930,p.1;“‘Hands off’Is Asked on Birth Control,”Hartford Courant,Dec.16,1935,p.2;“Protestant Clergy Support Birth Control Stand,”Hartford Courant,Feb.14,1941,p.2.
(4)Abraham Stone and Harriet F.Pilpel,“The Social and Legal Status of Contraception,”North Carolina Law Review,Vol.22,No.3,1944,pp.214-215.
(5)Mabel Travis Wood,“Birth Control's Big Year,”Current History,Aug.1,1937,pp.55,59.
(6)“Contraception and Birth Control,”Journal of The American Medical Association,Vol.103,No.10,Sep.8,1934,p.756.
(7)“Women Clash on Bill for Birth Control,”Hartford Courant,Apr.11,1941,pp.1,6.
(8)Melvin G.Shimm,“Foreword,”Law and Contemporary Problems,Vol.25,No.3,Summer,1960,p.377.
(9)Matthew James Connelly,“Seeing beyond the State:The Population Control Movement and the Problem of Sovereignty,”Past&Present,No.193,Nov.2006,p.224.
(10)“House,by 121-62 Roll Call,Adopts Birth Control Bill,”Hartford Courant,May 29,1951,p.3.
(11)“Conn.Birth Control Bill Is Argued:Doctors Divided on Giving Data,”New York Herald Tribune,Mar.22,1957,p.19.
(12)Clark,“Brief for Appellee,”Appendix C,pp.32-34.
(13)Smith,“The History and Future of the Legal Battle over Birth Control,”p.281.
(14)John Cogley,“Controversy in Connecticut,”Commonweal,Mar.28,1958,p.657.
(15)Dorothy Kenyon,“Nullification or Repeal?”Birth Control Review,Vol.14,No.10,Oct.1930,pp.278-280.
(16)“A Symposium on Nullification and Repeal,”Birth Control Review,Vol.14,No.11,Nov.1930,p.310.
(1)“Birth Control League Not to Campaign for New Law This Year,”Hartford Courant,Jan.6,1937,p.6;“News from The States,”Birth Control Review(New Series),Vol.4,No.2,Oct.1936,p.4.
(2)“News from the States,”Birth Control Review,Vol.22,No.3 and 4,Dec.-Jan.1937-38,p.40;“State League Progress in 1938,”Birth Control Review,Vol.23,No.5-6,Feb.-Mar.1939,p.173.
(3)治安权概念参见Gary Gerstle,Liberty and Coercion,the Paradox of American Government from the Founding to the Present,Princeton:Princeton University Press,2015,pp.3-4;韩铁:《美国宪政民主下的司法与资本主义经济发展》,上海:三联书店,2009年,第409页。
(4)“‘Birth Control’Clinic at Waterbury Scored by Catholic Clergymen,”Hartford Courant,Jun.12,1939,p.7;“Birth Control Arrests Seen as Test Case,”Hartford Courant,Jun.24,1939,pp.1,4.
(5)State v.Nelson,126 Conn.412(1940),pp.423-424.
(6)Dudziak,“Just Say No:Birth Control in the Connecticut Supreme Court before Griswold v.Connecticut,”pp.930-931.
(7)“Birth Control Charges Nulled in Waterbury,”Hartford Courant,Apr.3,1940,p.5.
(8)“Birth-Control Ban Is Upheld in Connecticut,”New York Herald Tribune,Mar.21,1940,p.23.
(9)“Yale Professor Sues to Test Connecticut Birth Control Ban,”New York Herald Tribune,Mar.26,1941,p.21.
(10)Tileston v.Ullman,129 Conn.84(1942),pp.92,88.
(11)Morris Ernst and Harriet Pilpel,“Statement as to Jurisdiction,”Tileston v.Ullman,Supreme Court of the United States,October Term,1942,p.19.
(12)Morris Ernst and Edwin Borohard,“Appellant's Brief,”Tileston v.Ullman,Supreme Court of the United States,October Term,1942,p.10.
(13)Charles Scribner,“Brief on Behalf of 166 Physicians Located in the District of Columbia and 36 States,Except Connecticut,Appearing as Amici Curiae,in Support of the Appeal on the Merits,”Tileston v.Ullman,Supreme Court of the United States,October Term,1942,pp.1-13.
(14)Tileston v.Ullman,318 U.S.44(1943),p.46.
(15)Steven M.Spencer,“The Birth Control Revolution,”Saturday Evening Post,Jan.15,1966,p.70.
(1)“Bracken Seeks to Void 5 Birth Control Suits,”Hartford Courant,Dec.2,1958,p.5.
(2)Sulloway,“The Legal and Political Aspects of Population Control in the United States,”p.604.
(3)Buxton v.Ullman,147 Conn.48(1959),p.58.
(4)Rowland Watts,Ruth Emerson,Melvin Wulf,“Brief for the American Civil Liberties Union and the Connecticut Civil Liberties Union as Amici Curiae,”Poe and Buxton v.Ullman,Supreme Court of the United States,October Term,1960,pp.7-8,10.
(5)Fowler Harper,“Brief for Appellants,”Poe,Doe,Buxton v.Ullman,Supreme Court of the United States,October Term,1960,pp.8-10;Fowler Harper,“Jurisdictional Statement,”Trubek v.Ullman,Supreme Court of the United States,October Term,1959,pp.7-8,11-12.
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(9)Poe v.Ullman,367 U.S.497(1961),p.509.
(10)“To Test Law,Birth Control Centers Will Be Set Up Soon,”Hartford Courant,Jun.21,1961,p.8.
(11)此后的社会政治斗争,参见曹鸿:《节育与婚姻---美国“格里斯沃尔德诉康涅狄格州案”的社会政治史考察》,《兰州学刊》2016年第8期,第96-105页。
(12)Gereon Zimmermann,“Contraception and Commotion in Connecticut,”Look,Vol.26,No.3,Jan.30,1962,p.82.
(1)Jonathan Daniels,“Birth Control and Democracy,”Nation,Nov.1,1941,p.429.
(2)Cornelius P.Trowbridge,“Catholicism Fights Birth Control,”New Republic,Jan.22,1945,p.108.
(3)Kenyon,“Nullification or Repeal?”p.278.
(4)Fowler Harper,“The Law and Sex Behavior,”Survey Midmonthly,April 1948,p.117.
(5)James Wayne Cooper,“Change the Connecticut Law,”Birth Control Review,Vol.16,No.9,Nov.1932,p.281.
(6)Robert G.McC loskey,The American Supreme Court,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2010,p.261.
(7)James T.Patterson,“The Rise of Rights and Rights Consciousness in American Politics,1930s-1970s,”in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger,eds.,Contesting Democracy:Substance and Structure in American Political History,1775-2000,Lawrence,KS:University Press of Kansas,2001,pp.202-203.
(8)Eric Foner,The Story of American Freedom,New York:W.W.Norton&Company,1998,pp.300-301.
(9)“Birth Control Information to Be Available in State,”Hartford Courant,Jun.8,1965,p.11.
(10)“The Bishops'Statement:Birth Control and Coercion,”Commonweal,Dec.2,1966,p.247.

【关闭】

论文摘要

地方政治与权利创造——美国康涅狄格州节育法引发的社会政治斗争

Local Politics and the Creation of Rights——Social and Political Struggles on Birth Control Law in Connecticut