(1)参见Peter G.Filene,“An Obituary for‘The Progressive Movement’,”American Quarterly,Vol.22,No.1,Spring,1970,pp.20-34;Daniel T.Rodgers,“In Search of Progressivism,”Reviews in American History,Vol.10,No.4,Dec.,1982,pp.113-132;Michael E.McG err,A Fierce Discontent:The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America,1870-1920,New York:Free Press,2003.
(2)参见Holmes Moss Alexander,The Famous Five,New York:The Bookmailer,1958,p.xi.其他四位参议员是亨利·克莱、丹尼尔·韦伯斯特、约翰·C·卡尔霍恩和罗伯特·A·塔夫脱。
(3)“机器”一词并非一开始便是贬义的。18世纪的人们用“机器”一词来指称政府机构或国家运行机制时,其感情色彩一般是中性的。对“机器”一词的贬义用法,直到1870年代才普遍流行起来。参见James J.Connolly,An Elusive Unity:Urban Democracy and Machine Politics in Industrializing America,Ithaca,London:Cornell University Press,2010,p.54.
(1)“机器”或“大佬”很少被当成规范的政治学概念加以论述,但在19、20世纪之交,美国几乎所有重要的政治学著作都谈到了“机器”和“大佬”。M·奥斯托洛戈尔斯基在其《民主与政党组织》下卷中,提供了关于美国“政治机器”的最为详尽的研究,参见Moisej J.Ostrogorski,Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties,Volume II:The United States,trans.by Frederick Clarke,New York:The MacM illan Company,1908,pp.367-440.还可参见弗兰克·古德诺:《政治与行政---政府之研究》,丰俊功译,北京:北京大学出版社,2012年;Albert Stickney,Organized Democracy,Boston:Houghton,Mifflin and Company,1906;James Bryce,The American Commonwealth,New York:The MacM illan Company,1913;Samuel Peter Orth,The Boss and the Machine:A Chronicle of Party Organization,New Haven:Yale University Press,1919.
(2)参见Charles W.Van Devander,The Big Bosses,New York:Howell,Soskin,Publishers,1944;Seymour Mandelbaum,“Boss Tweed's New York,”in Bruce M.Stave and Sondra Astor Stave,eds.,Urban Bosses,Machines,and Progressive Reformers,Malabar,Florida:Robert E.Krieger Publishing Company,1984,pp.55-62;Edwards Rebecca,Angels in the Machinery:Gender in American Party Politics from the Civil War to the Progressive Era,New York:Oxford University Press,1997;G.Wayne Dowdy,Mayor Crump Don't Like It:Machine Politics in Memphis,Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,2006;Connolly,An Elusive Unity,p.65;王旭:《美国城市史》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000年,第115-119页。
(3)关于“中立派”,参见John G.Sproat,“The Best Men,”Liberal Reformers in the Gilded Age,Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,1968;Gerald W.McF arland,Mugwumps,Morals,&Politics,1884-1920,Amherst:The University of Massachusetts Press,1975;David M.Tucker,Mugwumps:Public Moralists of the Gilded Age,Columbia and London:University of Missouri Press,1998.
(4)Lincoln Steffens,“Wisconsin:A State Where People Have Restored Representative Government-The Story of Governor La Follette,”McC lure's Magazine,October,1904,pp.564-579.
(5)Robert M.La Follette,La Follette's Autobiography:A Personal Narrative of Political Experiences,Madison:The University of Wisconsin Press,1968,p.96.
(1)Albert O.Barton,La Follette's Winning of Wisconsin,Des Moines:The Homestead Company,1922,p.17;Belle Case La Follette and Fola La Follette,Robert M.La Follette,June 14,1855-June 18,1925,New York:Macmillan,1953,pp.129-131.
(2)La Follette and La Follette,Robert M.La Follette,pp.vii-viii.
(3)Arthur M.Schilesinger,“The Crisis of the Old Order,”in Robert S.Maxwell,ed.,La Follette,Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall Inc.,1969,pp.148-150.
(4)Kenneth C.MacK ay,“The Progressive Movement of 1924,”in Maxwell,ed.,La Follette,p.151.
(5)参见John E.Miller,Governor Philip F.La Follette,the Wisconsin Progressives,and the New Deal,Columbia:University of Missouri Press,1982,pp.1-2;Jonathan Kasparek,Fighting Son:A Biography of Philip F.La Follette,Madison:Wisconsin Historical Society Press,2006;Patrick J.Maney,Young Bob:A Biography of Robert M.La Follette,Jr.,Madison:Wisconsin Historical Society Press,2003.
(6)Robert S.Maxwell,“The Legacy of La Follette,”in Maxwell,ed.,La Follette,pp.174-176;Charles McC arthy,The Wisconsin Idea,New York:The Macmillan Company,1912;Frederic C.Howe,Wisconsin:An Experiment in Democracy,New York:Charles Scribner's Sons,1912;Jack Stark,The Wisconsin Idea:The University's Service to the State,reprinted from the 1995-1996 Wisconsin Blue Book compiled by the Legislative Reference Bureau;John D.Buenker,The Progressive Era,1893-1914,Vol.4,History of Wisconsin,Madison:State Historical Society of Wisconsin,1998,p.8;Vernon Carstensen,“The Origin and Early Development of the Wisconsin Idea,”Wisconsin Magazine of History,Vol.39,No.3,Spring,1956,pp.181-188.
(7)John D.Buenker,“Bob La Follette at 150 Years,”Wisconsin Magazine of History,Vol.88,No.4,Summer,2005,pp.52-53;Carl R.Burgchardt,Robert M.La Follette,Sr.:The Voice of Conscience,New York:Greenwood Press,1992;Bernard A.Weisberger,The La Follettes of Wisconsin:Love and Politics in Progressive America,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1994;Nancy C.Unger,Fighting Bob La Follette:The Righteous Reformer,Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2000;Robert D.Johnston,“Re-Democratizing the Progressive Era:The Politics of Progressive Era Political Historiography,”The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era,Vol.1,No.1,Jan.,2002,pp.68-92.
(8)Steffens,“Wisconsin:A State Where People Have Restored Representative Government-The Story of Governor La Follette,”pp.564-579.
(1)Maxwell,La Follette and the Rise of the Progressives in Wisconsin,p.57;Robert S.Maxwell,“La Follette and the Progressive Machine in Wisconsin,”Indiana Magazine of History,Vol.48,No.1,March 1952,pp.55-70.
(2)Harold Rozelle Bruce,American Parties and Politics:History and Role of Political Parties in the United States,New York:H.Holt and Company,1936,p.519.
(3)David P.Thelen,The New Citizenship:Origins of Progressivism in Wisconsin,1885-1900,Columbia:University of Missouri Press,1972,pp.304-306.
(4)Robert C.Twombly,The Reformer as Politician:Robert M.La Follette in the Election of 1900,M.A.Thesis,University of Wisconsin-Madison,1964,pp.128,137.
(5)Barton,La Follette's Winning of Wisconsin,p.29.
(1)参见Kenneth Acrea,“The Wisconsin Reform Coalition,1892 to 1900:La Follette's Rise to Power,”Wisconsin Magazine of Histroy,Vol.52,No.2,Winter,1968-1969,pp.132-157;Maurice M.Vance,Charles Richard Van Hise:Scientist Progressive,Madison:State Historical Society of Wisconsin,1960;Nils P.Haugen,Pioneer and Political Reminiscences,Evansville,WI.:Antes Press,1930;Isaac Stephenson,Recollections of a Long Life,1829-1915,Chicago:R.R.Donnelley&Sons Company,1915;Loren H.Osman,W.D.Hoard:A Man for His Time,Fort Atkinson,WI.:W.D.Hoard,1985.范·海斯1903年当选威斯康星州立大学校长,为拉福莱特管理着他的一个重要选民群体---大学生。拉福莱特在大学生中的另一个代表是大学共和党俱乐部前书记约翰·M·纳尔逊(John M.Nelson)。
(2)John D.Buenker,“Robert M.La Follette's Progressive Odyssey,”Wisconsin Magazine of Histroy,Vol.82,No.1,Autumn,1998,pp.2-31.
(3)由于州选举议题长期和全国议题同步,威州共和党在19世纪的州选举中得以长期占据绝对优势。在1857-1900年间,民主党取胜共两次,两次都出现了激烈的州议题争论。参见William F.Whyte,“The Bennett Law Campaign in Wisconsin,”Wisconsin Magazine of History,Vol.10,No.4,Jun.,1927,pp.363-390.
(4)Thelen,The New Citizenship,pp.57-65.
(5)“澳式投票法”是一种为了保证投票不受贿赂和胁迫的影响,而进行的一种秘密的、无记名的投票方式。在美国,该投票又称“马萨诸塞投票法”,因该州系首个采用这种投票法的州,美国普遍采用这一投票方式是在1890年代。
(6)将1898年(党内候选人为爱德华·斯科菲尔德)和1900年(拉福莱特当选党内候选人)威州共和党的政纲加以比较会发现,1898年政纲全是对总统对外政策的附和,而1900年政纲则集中于州议题:“直接初选”、设立“税收委员会”等等。参见Wisconsin Blue Book of 1899,pp.711-712;Wisconsin Blue Book of 1901,pp.690-691.
(1)关于“非纯种派”和“中坚派”,参见Ari Hoogenboom,Outlawing the Spoils,a History of the Civil Service Reform Movement,Westport:Greenwood Press,Publishers,1961.需要指出的是,1901年拉福莱特就任州长后,州中一般改用“改革派”来称呼“非纯种派”,约1905年以后,当全国性的“进步主义运动”已成气候,威州的“改革派”开始被称为“进步派”。
(2)Robert M.La Follette,“Menace of the Political Machine,”Robert M.La Follette Papers.
(3)“党会体制”指19世纪逐渐形成的美国政党内部提名制度,其中“caucus”指“党小组会”,“convention”为“党代表大会”,两种制度都用于党内推举官职候选人,“机器”正是通过这一制度控制党内提名。参见Jody Baumgartner,“caucus,”in Larry J.Sabato,Howard R.Ernst,eds.,Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Elections,New York:Facts on File,Inc.,2007,pp.64-66.
(4)Carl R.Burgchard,The Will,the People,and the Law:A Rhetorical Biography of Robert M.La Follette,Sr.,Ph.D.Dissertation,University of Wisconsin-Madison,1982,p.130.
(5)“La Follette vs.the Machine,”The Old Dane,March 5,1897.
(6)Janesville Gazette,February 25,1897,Quoted from Allen Fraser Lovejoy,La Follette and the Establishment of the Direct Primary in Wisconsin,1890-1904,New Haven:Yale University Press,1941,p.37.
(7)“More Machine Politics,”“The Political Machine:Its Operation in Wisconsin,”The State,April 29,1898.
(8)Appleton Crescent,July 8,1900,载于Milwaukee Journal,July 9,1900;Madison State Journal,July 29,1900,载于Milwaukee Journal,July 30,1900.
(1)“Rankest Exhibition of Machine Work Known in History of Wisconsin Politics,”Milwaukee Journal,January 7,1901.
(2)其他对共和党“改革派”持批判态度的媒体还包括《尼纳时报》(Neenah Times)、《奇尔顿时报》(Chilton Times)、《博罗伊特自由报》(Beloit Free Press)、《普雷里德欣信使报》(Prairie du Chien Courier)等等,参见Milwaukee Journal,January 12,February 20,1901.
(3)Emanuel L.Philipp and Edgar T.Wheelock,Political Reform in Wisconsin:A Historical Review of the Subjects of Primary Election,Taxation,and Railway Regulation,Milwaukee:E.L.Philipp,1910,pp.21-22.
(4)这两篇社论分别为《这就是他们的行径》(“These Are Their Methods”)和《必须承认的问题》(“What Must Be Admitted”),参见Milwaukee Sentinel,March 22,1901.
(5)Watertown Republican,Racine Journal,March 22,1901,载于Milwaukee Sentinel,March 23,1901;Green Bay Gazette,La Cross Republican and Leader,March 23,1901,载于Milwaukee Sentinel,March 24,1901;Milwaukee Sentinel,March 23,1901.
(6)“The Battle for Politicians,”Milwaukee Journal,March 20,1901.
(7)“Political Hypocrisy,”Milwaukee Sentinel,April 9,1901;“Each Side Is Sincere,”Milwaukee Sentinel,April 11,1901.
(8)“Who Shall Be Governor?”Milwaukee Sentinel,May 30,1900.
(1)卡特此处所说的“由缺乏制衡的权力激发起来的安全感”,这句话是拉福莱特5月10日否决州参议院提出由《哈格迈斯特法案》替代《史蒂文斯初选法案》时的原话。
(2)“As It Appears,”Milwaukee Sentinel,April 13,1901.
(3)“Factionists vs.Republicans,”Milwaukee Sentinel,June 20,1901.
(4)“Means an Era of Machine Power,”Milwaukee Sentinel,January 29,1902;“Means What It Says,”Milwaukee Sentinel,January 31,1902.
(5)“Machine Paid for by People,”Milwaukee Sentinel,January 31,1902.关于拉福莱特将下属的行政驻地官员用作“政治佣工”一事,其下属约翰·纳尔逊,以及一些研究者都是承认的,参见Lovejoy,La Follette and the Establishment of the Direct Primary in Wisconsin,p.69;Maxwell,La Follette and the Rise of the Progressives in Wisconsin,p.65.
(6)Port Washington Star,April 20,1902,载于Milwaukee Sentinel,April 21,1902.
(7)“Political Gossip,”Milwaukee Sentinel,April 8,1902;“Game Law Feeds Campaign Fund,”Milwaukee Sentinel,April 26,1902.
(8)“Kronshage Will Tell Committee,”Milwaukee Sentinel,July 21,1902;“Deal Sanctioned by La Follette,”Milwaukee Sentinel,September 14,1902;Barton,La Follette's Winning of Wisconsin,pp.203-204;Carroll PollockL ahman,Robert Marion La Follette as Public Speaker and Political Leader,1855-1905,Ph.D.Dissertation,University of WisconsinMadison,1939,pp.643-644.9月中旬,巴克斯塔夫公开了他的证据,其中包括州党主席布莱恩特写给他的一封关于希望他在“哈维事件”上息事宁人的信函,以及密尔沃基共和党人西奥多·克龙夏格陈述其曾汇“书款”给州长拉福莱特的证词。这件热炒了三个月的“哈维事件”在州中传遍,导致拉福莱特丢掉了相当一部分选票。
(1)“Verify Charge of Buckstaff,”Milwaukee Sentinel,July 19,1902.
(2)“The Principle That Lives,”Milwaukee Free Press,August 17,1901.
(3)“Speech of H.W.Chynoweth,Madison,Nominating Gov.La Follette,”Milwaukee Free Press,July 18,1902.
(4)“Talks to 2500 in Racine Rink,”Milwaukee Sentinel,October 16,1902.
(5)“The Principle That Lives,”Milwaukee Free Press,August 17,1901.
(1)Philipp and Wheelock,Political Reform in Wisconsin,pp.66-69.
(2)“The Principles He Represents,”Milwaukee Sentinel,May 18,1904.
(3)State ex rel.Cook vs.Houser,Reports of Supreme Court of Wisconsin,Vol.122,Chicago:Callaghan and Company,pp.534-619.
(4)“Merits of Case Are Untouched,”“No Jurisdiction,”Milwaukee Sentinel,October 6,1904.
(5)“Lists the Sins of La Follette,”Milwaukee Sentinel,November 5,1904;“A Last Appeal,”Milwaukee Sentinel,November 8,1904;“La Follette Re-elected,”Milwaukee Sentinel,November 10,1904.
(6)“More Indictments against Governor,”Milwaukee Sentinel,November 8,1904;“Cause of Factionalism,”Milwaukee Sentinel,November 6,1904.
(7)候选人萨缪尔·库克在选举前夕突然退出,其后“中坚派”推举前州长爱德华·斯科菲尔德继续参选。
(1)Philipp and Wheelock,Political Reform in Wisconsin,p.82.
(2)Philipp and Wheelock,Political Reform in Wisconsin,p.73.
(3)此说法参见Ostrogorski,Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties,Volume II:The United States,p.393.
(4)“La Follette's Election,”Milwaukee Daily News,January 24,1905.
(5)“Principles and Methods,”Milwaukee Sentinel,January 25,1905.
(6)Buenker,The Progressive Era,pp.497,499.
(7)Herbert F.Margulies,“The Background of the La Follette-McG overn Schism,”The Wisconsin Magazine of History,Vol.40,No.1,Autumn,1956,pp.21-29.
(8)其中小罗伯特于1925-1947年担任威州的国会参议员,菲利普则在罗斯福新政期间担任威斯康星州长。
(9)Buenker,The Progressive Era,p.515.
(1)Philipp and Wheelock,Political Reform in Wisconsin,pp.84-85.
(2)Arnold Bennett Hall,“The Direct Primary and Party Responsibility in Wisconsin,”Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.106,Mar.,1923,pp.40-54.
(3)Alan Ware,The American Direct Primary:Party Institutionalization and Transformation in the North,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002,p.227.
(4)Lovejoy,La Follette and the Establishment of the Direct Primary of Wisconsin,p.97.
(5)George William Curtis,“Machine Politics and the Remedy,”Charles Eliot Norton,ed.,Orations and Addresses of George William Curtis,Vol.II,New York:Harper&Brothers Publishers,1894,pp.149-150.
(6)Richard L.McC ormick,“Antiparty Thought in the Gilded Age,”in The Party Period and Public Policy:American Politics from the Age of Jackson to the Progressive Era,New York:Oxford University Press,1986,pp.230-231.
(1)Lawrence Goodwyn,The Populist Moment:A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America,New York:Oxford University Press,1978,pp.167-168.
(2)Robert M.La Follette,Inaugural Message to the Wisconsin Legislature,1901.
(3)Ostrogorski,Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties,Volume II:The United States,pp.13-16.
(4)Ware,The American Direct Primary,p.263;Jean H.Baker,Affairs of Party:The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-nineteenth Century,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1983.
(5)参见Ware,The American Direct Primary,pp.242-246.
(6)本文关于政党两大基本功能的说法,系对政治学家理查德·冈瑟(Richard Gunther)、拉里·戴蒙德(Larry Diamond)关于“政党的七种功能”的参照和归纳,参见拉里·戴蒙德、理查德·冈瑟编:《政党与民主》,徐琳译,上海:上海人民出版社,2012年,第8-10页。
(7)Raymond E.Wolfinger,“Why Political Machines Have Not Withered away and Other Revisionist Thoughts,”The Journal of Politics,Vol.34,No.2,May,1972,pp.365-398.
(8)Philipp and Wheelock,Political Reform in Wisconsin,pp.83-84.
(1)Ware,The American Direct Primary,p.263.
(2)参见Charles C.P.Clark,The“Machine”Abolished;and the People Restored to Power,by the Organization of All the People on the Lines of Party Organization,New York:G.P.Putnam,1900.
(3)历史学家詹姆斯·温斯坦如此评价拉福莱特:“终其一生,拉福莱特都在他攻击大公司的那种激进姿态和他意识形态中内在的保守主义中间进退失据。”参见James Weinstein,The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State,1900-1918,Boston:Beacon Press,1968,p.147.
