邦联国会争取商贸管理权的努力及意义
The Efforts and Significance of the Confederation Congress in Obtaining the Power to Commercial Management
作者：雷芳;
Author：
收稿日期： 年卷（期）页码：2017,211(04):-125-132
期刊名称：四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)
Journal Name：Journal of Sichuan University (Social Science Edition）
关键字：邦联国会;商贸管理权力;宪政改革;制宪会议
Key words：
基金项目：2014年湖南省教育教学改革项目“历史专业学生个性化培养研究与实践”
中文摘要
美国《邦联条例》没有授予当时的国家政府——邦联国会管理国家商贸的权力,为了应对外国尤其是英国的商贸政策,协调和发展合众国商业贸易,各商业利益群体、外交大使以及各州,普遍呼吁赋予邦联国会部分或全面管理商贸的权力。为此,邦联国会也进行了不懈努力,希望各州能够授予它部分或全面管理商贸的权力。由于《邦联条例》体制的制约、各州利益的分化等因素的阻碍,这一努力终未能获得成功。但邦联国会争取商贸管理权的实践,为《联邦宪法》将管理商贸的权力授予国会奠定了思想舆论基础。通过这样一场运动,人们日益意识到不摆脱《邦联条例》的修宪框架,任何形式的宪政改革都不可能获得成功。因此,必须采取某种办法绕过邦联体制,去赋予全国性政府必要的权力,进而完善联盟国家。
参考文献
(1)Massachusetts Centinel,July 31,1784.
(1)Allan Nevins,The American States during and after the Revolution,1775-1789,New York:A.M.Kelley,1969,p.558.
(2)Richard Morris,The Forging of the Union,1781-1789,New York:Harper and Row,1987,p.131.
(3)Albert S.Hart,ed.,American History as Told by Contemporaries,London:The Macmillan Company,1916,p.163.
(4)Francis Wharton,ed.,The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States,Washington:Government Printing Office,1889,Vol.6,p.541.
(5)Morris,The Forging of the Union,p.139.
(6)Wharton,The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States,Vol.6,p.541.
(7)William B.Weeden,Economic and Social History of New England,New York:Hillary House Publishers Ltd.,1963,Vol.1,p.832.
(8)Lorenzo Sabine,Report on the Principal Fisheries of the American Sea,Washington,D.C.:R.Armstrong,Printer,1853.
(1)“N.C.Delegates to Gov.Marin,Sept 26,1783,”Paul H.Smith,ed.,Letters of Delegates to Congress,1774-1789,Washington:Government Printing Office,1976-1996,Vol.20,pp.713-714.
(2)Morris,The Forging of the Union,p.132.
(3)Morris,The Forging of the Union,p.132.
(4)Massachusetts Centinel,May 15,1785.
(5)Albert S.Gieseke,American Commercial Legislation before 1789,Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1910.
(6)Morris,The Forging of the Union,p.149.
(7)James T.Mitchell and Henry Flanders,eds.,Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania from 1682-1801,Harrisburg:State Printer,Vol.11,p.329.
(8)“An Act to Encounter and Protect the Manufacture of the State by Laying Additional Duties on the Importation of Certain Manufactures Which Interfering with Them,”Hampton Lawrence Carson,ed.,Pennsylvania Statutes at Large,Harrisburg,PA.:Harrisburg Publishing Co.,1906,Vol.12,p.234.
(1)See Nevins,The American States,pp.560,564.
(2)Jocob E.Cooke,ed.,The Federalist,Middletown:Wesleyan University Press,1961,p.40.
(3)Gaillard Hunt,ed.,The Writings of James Madison,New York:G.P.Putnams Sons,1901,Vol.2,p.395.
(4)Quoted in Dexter Perkins,The Evolution of American Foreign Relations,New York:Oxford University Press,1966,p.57.
(5)James Madison to Thomas Jefferson,April 25th,1784,J.C.A.Stagg,ed.,The Papers of James Madison,Congressional Series,Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,2010,Vol.8,pp.20-22.
(6)Henry P.Johnston,ed.,The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay,New York:G.P.Putnams Sons,1891,Vol.3,p.60.
(7)Johnston,ed.,The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay,Vol.3,p.427.
(1)Merrill Jensen,The New Nation:A History of the United States during the Confederation,1781-1789,New York:Alfred A.Knof,1967,pp.288-289.
(2)Charles Beard,Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States,New York:Macmilliam,1913,p.56.
(3)外贸商人(commercer)、零售商人和制造业集团在关于国会实施怎样的商贸政策上存在着较大分歧,但是他们普遍认为,应该有一个强有力的力量来管理商贸。S.Rezneck,“The Rise and Early Development of Industrial Consciousness,1760-1830,”Journal of the Economic and Business History,Vol.4,1932,pp.788-789.
(4)Jensen,The New Nation,p.266.
(5)Worthington C.Ford,ed.,Journals of the Continental Congress,Washington:Government Print Office,1922,Vol.25,pp.587-588.
(6)例如《新泽西日报》等均转载了该决议。New Jersy Gazzette,December 23,1783.
(7)Nevins,The American States during and after the Revolution,p.560.
(8)Ford,ed.,Journals of the Continental Congress,1912,Vol.11,p.648.
(9)New Jersy Gazzette,December 30,1783.
(1)Ford,ed.,Journals of the Continental Congress,1926,Vol.26,p.70-71.
(2)Ford,ed.,Journals of the Continental Congress,1922,Vol.25,pp.617-620,629,661-664.
(3)Ford,ed.,Journals of the Continental Congress,1926,Vol.26,pp.50,269-271.
(4)Ford,ed.,Journals of the Continental Congress,1926,Vol.26,pp.318-319.
(5)Ford,ed.,Journals of the Continental Congress,1933,Vol.28,pp.17,201-202.
(1)Smith,ed.,Letters of Delegates to Congress,Vol.22,pp.180,532.
(2)Smith,ed.,Letters of Delegates to Congress,Vol.22,pp.541-542,678,533.
(3)Smith,ed.,Letters of Delegates to Congress,Vol.22,pp.71-72.
(4)Ford,ed.,Journals of the Continental Congress,1934,Vol.30,p.10.
(5)Ford,ed.,Journals of the Continental Congress,1936,Vol.33,pp.492-494.
(1)Stagg,ed.,The Papers of James Madison,Congressional Series,Vol.8,p.373.
(2)Smith,ed.,Letters of Delegates to Congress,Vol.23,p.161.
(3)Robert G.Natelson,“Founding-Era Conventions and the Meaning of the Constitutions Convention for Proposing Amendments,”Florida Law Review,Vol.65,issue.3,2013,p.673.
【关闭】
