1 William L.Van Deburg,“Frederick Douglass:Maryland Slave to Religious Liberal,”in Anthony B.Pinn,ed.,By These Hands:A Documentary History of African American Humanism,New York:New York University Press,2001,pp.83-102.
2 James B.Hunt,“The Faith Journey of Frederick Douglass,1818-1895,”Christian Scholars Review,Vol.15,No.3,March 1986,pp.228-246.
1Waldo E.Martin,The Mind of Frederick Douglass,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1984,p.ⅸ,175.
2David W.Blight,Frederick Douglasss Civil War:Keeping Faith in Jubilee,Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1989,pp.8,23,107,120.
3Scott Williamson,The Narrative Life:The Moral and Religious Thought of Frederick Douglass,Macon,GA:Mercer University Press,2002,pp.6,145,3.
4Reginald F.Davis,Frederick Douglass:A Precursor of Liberation Theology,Macon,GA:Mercer University Press,2005,p.123.
5William S.McF eely,Frederick Douglass,New York:W.W.Norton&Co.,1991,pp.37-38,67.
6William L.Andrews,“Frederick Douglass,Preacher,”American Literature,Vol.54,No.4,December 1982,p.592.
7Frederick Douglass,My Bondage and My Freedom,New York:Miller,Orton&Mulligan,1855,p.166.
8Benjamin Quarles,Frederick Douglass,Washington D.C.:Associated Publisher,1948,p.11.
9Dickson Preston,Young Frederick Douglass:The Maryland Years,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1980,pp.149-150.
Douglass,My Bondage and My Freedom,p.267.
Dickson Preston,Young Frederick Douglass:The Maryland Years,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1980,pp.149-150.
Andrews,“Frederick Douglass,Preacher,”p.596.
Douglass,My Bondage and My Freedom,p.353.
Thomas James,Wonderful Eventful life of Rev.Thomas James,By Himself,Rochester:Post-Express Printing Company,1887,p.6.
1McF eely,Frederick Douglass,pp.84-85.
2即使在晚年,道格拉斯也偶尔参加“大都市非裔循道宗主教派教会”的活动,他去世后亦安葬于该教会的墓地。See Quarles,Frederick Douglass,p.297.
31870年又成立了“基督徒循道宗主教派教会”。See Charles Eric Lincoln&Lawrence H.Mamiya,The Black Church in the African-American Experience,Durham,N.C.:Duke University Press,1990,p.48.
4Paul Finkelman,Encyclopedia of African American History,1619-1895,Vol.2,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006,p.40.
5Liam Iwig-OByrne,How Methodists Were Made:The Arminian Magazine and Spiritual Transformation in the Transatlantic World,1778-1803,Phd.Dissertation,The University of Texas at Arlington,2008,pp.26,187.
6加尔文:《基督教要义》上册,钱濯诚等译,北京:三联书店,2010年,第149页。
7John Wesley,The Works of John Wesley,Albany:Ages Software,1997,Vol.8,pp.56,307;Vol.10,p.240.
8Durwood Dunn,The Civil War in Southern Appalachian Methodism,Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press,2014,p.3.
9Wesley,The Works of John Wesley,Vol.10,p.302.
关于这点,可参见高春常:《世界的祛魅:西方宗教精神》,南昌:江西人民出版社,2009年,第233-236页。
Wesley,The Works of John Wesley,Vol.11,pp.86,93,92,94-95,88.
1Lucius C.Matlack,History of American Slavery and Methodism from 1780 to 1849,New York,1849,pp.14,28,41,62.
2James T.Campbell,Songs of Zion:The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995,p.13.
3Richard Allen and Jacob Tapsico,The Doctrines and Discipline of the African Methodist Episcopal Church,Philadelphia:John H.Cunningham,1817,p.15.
4Jeffrey Williams,Religion and Violence in Early American Methodism,Bloomington:Indiana University Press,2010,p.153.
5Allen and Tapsico,The Doctrines and Discipline of the African Methodist Episcopal Church,pp.99,190.
6Anne C.Loveland,“Evangelicalism and‘Immediate Emancipation’in American Antislavery Thought,”in John R.McK ivigan,ed.,Abolitionism and American Religion,Indianapolis:Indiana University,1999,p.7.,:,:
7Douglas M.Strong,Perfection Politics:Abolitionism and the Religious Tensions of American Democracy,New York:Syracuse University Press,1999,p.27.
8Walter M.Merrill,ed.,The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison:I Will Be Heard!1822-1835,Cambridge,M.A.:Harvard University Press,1971,pp.453-454.
9Peter J.Thuesen,Predestination:The American Career of a Contentious Doctrine,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009,p.119.
Douglass,My Bondage and My Freedom,p.167,166.
Wesley,The Works of John Wesley,Vol.8,pp.521-522.
Quarles,Frederick Douglass,p.297.
1See Frederick Douglass,Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass:An American Slave,Written by Himself,Boston:Anti-Slavery Office,1845;Douglass,My Bondage and My Freedom,1855;Frederick Douglass,Life and Times of Frederick Douglass,Written by Himself,Hartford,Conn:Park Publishing Co.,1881.
2See Philip Sheldon Foner,ed.,Frederick Douglass:Selected Speeches and Writings,Chicago:Chicago Review Press,2000.
3Douglass,My Bondage and My Freedom,pp.90-114.
4Douglass,My Bondage and My Freedom,p.423,133-134,159.
5John W.Blassingame,ed.,The Frederick Douglass Papers,Series One,Vol.1,New Haven:Yale University Press,1979,p.232.
6Wesley,The Works of John Wesley,Vol.10,p.391.
7Douglass,Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,p.82.
8Douglass,My Bondage and My Freedom,p.191.
1Blassingame,ed.,The Frederick Douglass Papers,Series One,Vol.1,p.219.
2Douglass,My Bondage and My Freedom,p.440.
3Foner,ed.,Frederick Douglass,p.207.
4John W.Blassingame,ed.,The Frederick Douglass Papers,Series One,Vol.3,New Haven:Yale University Press,1985,p.126.
5Blight,Frederick Douglasss Civil War,p.108.
6Frederick Douglass,“What Are the Colored People Doing for Themselves?”in Howard Brotz,ed.,African-American Social and Political Thought,1850-1920,New Brunswick:Transactions Publishers,1991,p.207.
7Douglass,My Bondage and My Freedom,p.139.
8Douglass,Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,p.79.
9Blassingame,ed.,The Frederick Douglass Papers,Series One,Vol.1,p.128.
Davis,Frederick Douglass,p.73.
Blassingame,ed.,The Frederick Douglass Papers,Series One,Vol.1,p.93.
Douglass,“What Are the Colored People Doing for Themselves?”in Brotz,ed.,African-American Social and Political Thought,1850-1920,pp.204,208.
Foner,ed.,Frederick Douglass,p.200.
1Philip Sheldon Foner,ed.,Frederick Douglass on Slavery and the Civil War:Selections from His Writings,Mineola:Dover Publications,Inc.,2003,p.42.
2J.I.Packer,Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God,Escondido,Downer Grove:InterV arsity Press,2008,p.30.
3Douglass,My Bondage and My Freedom,p.241,242.
4约翰·史托弗:《巨人:弗里德里克·道格拉斯与亚伯拉罕·林肯平传》,杨昊成译,上海:东方出版社,2011年,第100页。
5Gregory P.Lampe,Frederick Douglass:Freedoms Voice,1818-1845,East Lansing:Michigan State University Press,1998,p.189.
6斯科特·威廉森即认为道格拉斯的非暴力转向时间是1843年,莱斯利·戈尔茨坦则认定为1850年,并认为此前的非抵抗主张也非货真价实;笔者认为正式转向发生在50年代中期。See Williamson,The Narrative Life,p.70;Leslie Friedman Goldstein,“Violence as an Instrument for Social Change:The Views of Frederick Douglass,”Journal of Negro History,Vol.61,No.1,January 1976,pp.61-62,68.
7Frankie Y.Bailey&Alice P.Green,“Law Never Here”:A Social History of African American Responses to Issues of Crime and Justice,Westport:Praeger Publishers,1999,p.37.
8Blassingame,ed.,The Frederick Douglass Papers,Series One,Vol.1,p.373.
9此词出现在道格拉斯1847年3月的一次演讲中。See Foner,ed.,Frederick Douglass,p.74.
Goldstein,“Violence as an Instrument for Social Change:The Views of Frederick Douglass,”p.66.
Douglass,Life and Times of Frederick Douglass,Written by Himself,p.281.
Philip Sheldon Foner,ed.,The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass:Vol.1,New York:International Publishers,1971,pp.359-360.
1Douglass,My Bondage and My Freedom,pp.442,444.
2Blassingame,ed.,The Frederick Douglass Papers,Series One,Vol.3,p.30.
3Blassingame,ed.,The Frederick Douglass Papers,Series One,Vol.3,pp.58,137,139.
4William Chambers,American Slavery and Colour,London:Paternoster Row,1857,p.174.
5Goldstein,“Violence as an Instrument for Social Change:The Views of Frederick Douglass,”p.66.
6Blassingame,ed.,The Frederick Douglass Papers,Series One,Vol.3,pp.416,417.
