Thrombocytopenia is an important factor affecting the efficacy of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with hematological malignancies, which usually occurs in bone marrow suppression after the use of conditioning regimens and post-transplantation. The thrombocytopenia in patients with hematological malignancies during HSCT are associated with increased platelet destruction in peripheral circulation and deficiency of platelet production in the bone marrow. Thrombocytopenia related to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, transplanted CD34+cells dose and types of donors. Treatments of thrombocytopenia in patients with hematological malignancies during HSCT include recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO), thrombopoietin receptor agonist (TPORA), recombinant human interleukin (rhIL)-11, etc.. These comprehensive treatments are conducive to platelet engraftment after HSCT and improve thrombocytopenia during HSCT in patients with hematological malignancies. This article summarizes the latest research progress in the following aspects: onset period, causes, risk factors, and treatment of thrombocytopenia in patients with hematological malignancies during HSCT, in order to provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
